Dr. Charles R. Drew

In 1940, as the U.S. Government prepared for possible American involvement in the war that was raging in Europe, the U.S. military braced for a large number of casualties. In June 1940, the Surgeons General of the Army and Navy asked the American Red Cross and the National Research Council to find a way to stockpile massive blood reserves that could be used by the armed forces in the event of war.

The American Red Cross called upon the leading experts in the field of blood collection and preservation, including Dr. Charles R. Drew, who had taught at Howard University's College of Medicine. The project Dr. Drew supervised paved the way for a national blood program that operated throughout World War II, providing 13 million pints of blood and plasma to wounded U.S. soldiers.

ARC Identifier: 559199. Local Identifier: H-HNP-15B. Title: Charles R. Drew. Creator: Harmon Foundation (Most Recent) Type of Archival Materials: Photographs and other Graphic Materials

Level of Description: Item from Collection H: Harmon Foundation Collection, 1922 - 1967. Location: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001 PHONE: 301-837-3530, FAX: 301-837-3621, EMAIL: stillpix@nara.gov

Part of: Series: "Portraits of Outstanding Americans of Negro Origin Painted by Two Women Artists", ca. 1943 - ca. 1963. Scope & Content Note: Access Restrictions: Unrestricted. Use Restrictions: Unrestricted.

Specific Records Type: portraits. General Note: Painting. Variant Control Number(s): Select List Identifier: HARMON FOUNDATION #125. NAIL Control Number: NWDNS-200-HNP-15B. NAIL Control Number: NWDNS-H-HNP-15B

Copy 1 Copy Status: Preservation-Reproduction. Storage Facility: National Archives at College Park - Archives II (College Park, MD) Media Media Type: Negative. Color: Black-and-White.

Index Terms Contributors to Authorship and/or Production of the Archival Materials. Reyneau, Betsy Graves, 1888-1964, Artist

Tags: Public Domain Clip Art and clip art or public domain and Dr. Charles R. Drew or blood and plasma

W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt) Du Bois

Digital ID: cph 3a53178 Source: b&w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-16767 (b&w film copy neg.) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieve higher resolution JPEG version (91 kilobytes) Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (19 megabytes) TITLE: W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt) Du Bois, 1868-1963, CALL NUMBER: BIOG FILE - Du Bois, W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963 [item] [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-16767 (b&w film copy neg.) RIGHTS INFORMATION: No known restrictions on publication.

SUMMARY: Head and shoulders. MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATE, PUBLISHED: c1919 May 31.

NOTES: J234700 U.S. Copyright Office. Photo by Cornelius M. Battey, 1918. No. 8. No copyright renewal. This record contains unverified, old data from caption card.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a53178 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3a53178, CONTROL #: 2003681451

MARC Record Line 540 - No known restrictions on publication.

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [reproduction number, LC-USZ62-16767]

W. E. B. Du Bois From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (pronounced /duːˈbɔɪz/) (February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an African American civil rights activist, leader, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, educator, historian, writer, editor, poet, and scholar. He became a naturalized citizen of Ghana in 1963 at the age of 95.

David Levering Lewis, a biographer, wrote, "In the course of his long, turbulent career, W. E. B. Du Bois attempted virtually every possible solution to the problem of twentieth-century racism—scholarship, propaganda, integration, national self-determination, human rights, cultural and economic separatism, politics, international communism, expatriation, third world solidarity."

W. E. B. Du Bois was born on Church Street on February 23, 1868, in Great Barrington, at the south-western edge of Massachusetts, to Alfred Du Bois and Mary Silvina Burghardt Du Bois, whose February 5, 1867, wedding had been announced in the Berkshire Courier. Alfred Du Bois had been born in Haiti. W. E. B. Du Bois detailed his French Haitian background in his autobiography:

Of grandfather's life in Haiti from about 1821 to 1830, I know few details. From his 18th to his 27th year he formed acquaintanceships, earned a living, married and had a son, my father, Alfred, born in 1825. I do not know what work grandfather did, but probably he ran a plantation and engaged in the growing shipping trade to the United States. Who he married I do not know, nor her relatives. He may have married into the family of Elie Du Bois, the great Haitian educator. Also why he left Haiti in 1830 is not clear. It may have been because of the threat of war with France during the Revolution of 1830 and the fall of Charles X.

Their son was born 5 months before the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified, and added to the U.S. Constitution. Alfred Du Bois was descended from free people of color, including the slave-holding Dr. James Du Bois of Poughkeepsie, New York, a physician. In the Bahamas, James Du Bois had fathered three sons, including Alfred, and a daughter, by his slave mistress. Du Bois was also the great-grandson of Elizabeth Freeman (“Mum Bett”), a slave who successfully sued for her freedom, laying the groundwork for the eventual abolition of slavery in Massachusetts

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Eldridge Cleaver

Digital ID: ppmsc 01265 Source: digital file from original. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsc-01265 (digital file from original negative) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieve higher resolution JPEG version (48 kilobytes) Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (5 megabytes) TITLE: Eldridge Cleaver, Minister of Information for the Black Panther Party and presidential candidate for the Peace and Freedom Party speaking at the Woods-Brown Outdoor Theatre, American University. CALL NUMBER: LC-U9- 20018-9A [P&P]. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-ppmsc-01265 (digital file from original negative). RIGHTS INFORMATION: No known restrictions on publication. SUMMARY: Photograph shows bust portrait of Cleaver facing right. MEDIUM: 1 negative : film. CREATED / PUBLISHED: 1968 Oct. 18. CREATOR: Trikosko, Marion S., photographer.

NOTES: Title from contact sheet folder caption. U.S. News & World Report Magazine Photograph Collection. Contact sheet available for reference purposes: USN&WR COLL - Job no. 20018, frame 9A.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (digital file from original) ppmsc 01265. hdl.loc.gov/ppmsc.01265. CONTROL #: 2003688124

Rights Information: No known restrictions on publication.

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [reproduction number, LC-DIG-ppmsc-01265]

Eldridge Cleaver From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Eldridge Cleaver (August 31, 1935 – May 1, 1998) was an author and a prominent American civil rights leader who began as a dominant member of the Black Panther Party.

Born in Wabbaseka, Arkansas, Cleaver moved with his family to Phoenix and then to Los Angeles. As a teenager he was first involved in petty crime, and then in 1957 was convicted of assault with intent to murder. While in prison, he wrote a book of essays, published in book form as Soul on Ice (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968; paperback Dell/Delta, 1968) which was influential in the black power movement and now widely considered a classic.

In the book, Cleaver infamously acknowledges the rape of several white women, which he defended as "an insurrectionary act". He also admitted that he began his career as a rapist by "practicing on black girls in the ghetto." He maintains that his felonious acts have nothing to do with the views expressed in the book. Cleaver was released from prison in 1966, after which he joined the Oakland-based Black Panther Party, serving as Minister of Information (spokesperson).

He was a Presidential candidate in 1968 on the ticket of the Peace and Freedom Party. That very year, he was injured in a confrontation between the Panthers and Oakland police. Charged with attempted murder, he jumped bail to flee to Algeria, where he was joined by Timothy Leary. Cleaver placed Leary under "revolutionary arrest" (kidnapped) as a counter-revolutionary, although Leary was later released alive. Cleaver later left Algeria and spent time in Cuba and France.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article, Eldridge Cleaver

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Dred Scott

Dred Scott, plaintiff in Dred Scott v. Sanford, Supreme Court of the United States. Painted by Louis Schultze, commissioned by a "group of Negro citizens" and presented to the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, in 1882. Schultze based his work on a daguerreotype by J.H. Fitzgibbon circa 1857 that appeared in Frank Leslie's Weekly, an illustrated literary and news magazine. This image is a faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art and thus not copyrightable in itself in the U.S. as per Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp; the same is also true in many other countries. The original two-dimensional work shown in this image is free content because: This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired.

This applies to the United States, where Works published prior to 1978 were copyright protected for a maximum of 75 years.

See Circular 1 "COPYRIGHT BASICS" PDF from the U.S. Copyright Office. Works published before 1923 are now in the public domain and also in countries that figure copyright from the date of death of the artist (post mortem auctoris) in this case 1900, and that most commonly run for a period of 50 to 70 years from that date.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

The Supreme Court decision Dred Scott v. Sandford was issued on March 6, 1857. Delivered by Chief Justice Roger Taney, this opinion declared that slaves were not citizens of the United States and could not sue in Federal courts. In addition, this decision declared that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that Congress did not have the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories. The Dred Scott decision was overturned by the 13th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution. Primary Documents in American History

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James Meredith at the University of Mississippi

Digital ID: ppmsca 04292. Source: digital file from original. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-04292 (digital file from original negative), Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieve higher resolution JPEG version (160 kilobytes) TITLE: Integration at Ole Miss[issippi] Univ[ersity]. CALL NUMBER: LC-U9- 8556-24 [P&P]. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-ppmsca-04292 (digital file from original negative) RIGHTS INFORMATION: No known restrictions on publication.

SUMMARY: Photograph shows James Meredith walking to class accompanied by U.S. marshals. MEDIUM: 1 negative : film. CREATED/PUBLISHED: 1962 Oct. 1. CREATOR: Trikosko, Marion S., photographer.

NOTES: Title from contact sheet folder caption. U.S. News & World Report Magazine Photograph Collection. Contact sheet available for reference purposes: USN&WR COLL - Job no. 8556, frame 24.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (digital file from original) ppmsca 04292 hdl.loc.gov/ppmsca.04292, CONTROL #: 2003688159

MARC Record Line 540 - No known restrictions on publication.

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [reproduction number, LC-DIG-ppmsca-05633] James Meredith, accompanied by federal officials, enrolls on October, 1, 1962, at the University of Mississippi.

In September 1962, a federal court ordered the university to accept Meredith, a 28-year-old, black Air Force veteran, much to the consternation of segregationists. Governor Ross Barnett said he would never allow the school to be integrated.

After days of violence and rioting by whites and a great deal of political maneuvering between Barnett and the administration, President John F. Kennedy sent more than 10,000 soldiers to ensure the safety of Meredith on his first day of classes.

Because he had earned college credits elsewhere, Meredith graduated the following August. (Library of Congress) The U.S. Civil Rights Movement

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125th St. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard

125th St..Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard. Public Domain ClipArt Stock Photos and Images.

I, (sookietex) the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwide. In case this is not legally possible, I grant any entity the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.

If This image is subject to copyright in your jurisdiction, i (sookietex) the copyright holder have irrevocably released all rights to it, allowing it to be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, used, modified, built upon, or otherwise exploited in any way by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial, with or without attribution of the author, as if in the public domain.

125th Street is a two-way street that runs east-west in the New York City borough of Manhattan, considered the "Main Street" of Harlem; It is also called Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard.

The western part of the street runs diagonally through the neighborhood of Manhattanville from the north-west from an interchange with the Henry Hudson Parkway at 130th Street. East of Morningside Avenue it runs east-west through central Harlem to an interchange with F.D.R. Drive by the East River, where it becomes the Manhattan leg of the Triborough Bridge. Many sections of the street have been gentrified and developed with such stores as Old Navy, H&M, CVS/pharmacy, and Magic Johnson Theaters. The historical Apollo Theater is here.

West of Convent Avenue, 125th Street was re-routed on to the old Manhattan Avenue. The original 125th Street west of Convent Avenue was swallowed up to make the super-blocks where the low income housing projects now exist. What remains of the original alignment of 125th Street is called La Salle Street, which runs between Amsterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article, 125th Street (Manhattan)

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Ebenezer Baptist Church,

Ebenezer Baptist Church,. Public Domain ClipArt Stock Photos and Images. Ownership: Information presented on this website Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS: Historic Resource Study, unless otherwise indicated, is considered in the public domain.

Disclaimer: Information presented on this website U.S. Department of the Interior is considered public information and may be distributed or copied. Use of appropriate byline/photo/image credit is requested.

Ebenezer Baptist Church, located at 407-413 Auburn Avenue, is part of a tradition of church building that existed in the Sweet Auburn community in the first decades of the twentieth century. Big Bethel A.M.E. Church of 1904 and 1924, located at 220 Auburn Avenue,

Wheat Street Baptist Church of 1920-1923, located at 365 Auburn Avenue, and Ebenezer of 1914-1922, are substantial buildings erected by a prosperous black community and built in the popular styles of their day. That these buildings soar above Auburn Avenue suggests both their spiritual importance and their place in the early twentieth century Sweet Auburn skyline.

Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, Ebenezer Baptist Church, 407 Auburn Avenue Northeast, Atlanta, Fulton County, GA. Interior, view from behind pulpit, looking toward balcony. Historic American Buildings Survey< #HABS GA-2169-F. Library of Congress call #HABS GA,61-ATLA,54-2. The records in HABS/HAER were created for the U.S. Government and are considered to be in the public domain.

Creator: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Historic American Buildings Survey. Source: U.S. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division "Built in America" Collection, reproduction number HABS GA-2169-F. Copyright: "The records in HABS/HAER were created for the U.S. Government and are considered to be in the public domain.

Ebenezer was designed in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. Popular in the United States as a residential style from 1840-1880, Gothic Revival remained a common choice for ecclesiastical buildings well into the twentieth century. Although Gothic forms never completely disappeared in English church architecture, Gothic reemerged as a style of architecture during the middle of the eighteenth century with the work of William Kent and Horace Walpole.

Nearly a century later, it was promoted in the United States by Alexander Jackson Davis. Its popularity increased, however, through the work of Andrew Jackson Downing, whose pattern books, Cottage Residences, Rural Architecture and Landscape Gardening of 1842 and The Architecture of Country Houses of 1850, circulated widely.

Lyndhurst, the Tarrytown, New York residence designed by Davis in 1838 and 1865, and Richard Upjohn's Trinity Church in New York City of 1839-1846 are among the most influential buildings of the period and include such elements as pointed-arched window openings, wall buttresses, towers, castellated parapets, and steeply pitched roofs. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, Upjohn's archeological approach to church design gave way to more eclectic church buildings. Later Gothic Revival churches include both traditional Gothic design elements, elements borrowed from other styles, and original motifs.

Ebenezer is a two-story, rectangular brick church with two large towers at each end of the Auburn Avenue facade (photograph 24). These towers flank a steeply pitched gable roof that contains two pairs of cross gables. The southernmost pair corresponds to a transept and contains a large, three-part Gothic window in each gable end. The brickwork at the lower level is covered with gray stucco and scored to resemble stone.

The main facade is essentially divided into three bays. The towers, which comprise the two outer bays, are buttressed at the first and second levels and contain stained glass and louvered lancet windows. Merlons are located in the corners of the tower parapets. The center bay contains the main entrance at ground level, three narrow, stained-glass windows at the second level, and a three-part Gothic window in the gable end.

Two-story buttresses divide the side elevations into nine bays, with the tower comprising the northernmost bay and the chancel expressed in the southernmost bay. These bays are punctuated at the lower level by segmental-arched windows with the second-floor bays marked by tall, stained-glass windows. Brick panels mark the division between the first and second floors.

The rear elevation has been largely obscured by a one-story, hip-roofed addition built in 1971. An oculus, located high in the gable end, remains visible. The two-story Education Building, constructed in 1956 and rehabilitated in 1971, similarly obscures the east elevation. Brick beltcourses, panels, corbels, and window hoods ornament the front and side elevations of Ebenezer and to a lesser extent the Education Building. Brick ornamentation of this type is common in public and commercial buildings throughout the Sweet Auburn community from the early part of the twentieth century through the 1930s.

The church auditorium is located at the second level, above the below-grade meeting hall. It is an open, rectangular space, with the pulpit and choir elevated on a platform and a balcony across the rear of the sanctuary. The walls are white plaster, and the pitched ceiling is pressed metal, also painted white. The gently sloped floor is oak and contains a central and two narrower side ranks of pews. Transepts feature stained glass portraits of Rev. A. D. Williams and Rev. Martin Luther King, Sr. Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS: Historic Resource Study.

Carter G. Woodson

Carter G. Woodson. Public Domain ClipArt Stock Photos and Images. Creator: Office for Emergency Management. Office of War Information. Domestic Operations. Branch. News Bureau. (06/13/1942 - 09/15/1945) ( Most Recent). Type of Archival Materials: Photographs and other Graphic Materials.

Level of Description: Item from Record Group 208: Records of the Office of War Information, 1926 - 1951. Location: Still Picture Records LICON, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S),

National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001 PHONE: 301-837-3530, FAX: 301-837-3621, EMAIL: stillpix@nara.gov

Production Date: 1943 Part of: Series: Artworks and Mockups for Cartoons Promoting the War Effort and Original Sketches by Charles Alston, ca. 1942 - ca. 1945. Scope & Content Note: Carter G. Woodson - with biographical paragraphs.

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted. Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

Specific Records Type: cartoons (humorous images) Variant Control Number(s): NAIL Control Number: NWDNS-208-COM-78

Copy 1 Copy Status: Preservation. Storage Facility: National Archives at College Park - Archives II (College Park, MD). Media Media Type: Artwork. Index Terms. Subjects Represented in the Archival Material. African Americans, Arts, World War, 1939-1945

Contributors to Authorship and/or Production of the Archival Materials Alston, Charles Henry, 1907-1977, Artist

Carter G. Woodson From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Carter Godwin Woodson (b. December 19, 1875, New Canton, Buckingham County, Virginia — d. April 3, 1950, Washington, D.C.) was an African American historian, author, journalist and the founder of Black History Month. He is considered the first to conduct a scholarly effort to popularize the value of Black History. He recognized and acted upon the importance of a people having an awareness and knowledge of their contributions to humanity and left behind an impressive legacy. He was a member of the first black fraternity Sigma Pi Phi and a member of Omega Psi Phi as well.

Woodson was the son of former slaves James and Eliza Riddle Woodson. His father had helped the Union soldiers during the Civil War, and afterwards moved his family to West Virginia when he heard they were building a high school for blacks in Huntington. Coming from a large, poor family, Carter could not regularly attend such schools, but through self-instruction he was able to master the fundamentals of common school subjects by the time he was 17.

Ambitious for more education Woodson went to Fayette County to earn a living as a miner in the coal fields, but was only able to devote a few months each year to his schooling. In 1895 at the age of twenty, Carter entered Douglass High School where he received his diploma in less than two years. From 1897 to 1900, Carter G. Woodson began teaching in Fayette County. In 1900, he became the principal of Douglass High School. Woodson finally received his Bachelor of Literature degree from Berea College in Kentucky. From 1903 to 1907 he was a school supervisor in the Philippines. He then attended the University of Chicago where he received his M.A. in 1908, and in 1912 he received his Ph.D. in history from Harvard University.

In 1915, Woodson and Jesse E. Moorland co-founded the Association for the Study of African American Life and History

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article, Carter G. Woodson

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Bessye J. Bearden

Creator: Office for Emergency Management. Office of War Information. Domestic Operations. Branch. News Bureau. (06/13/1942 - 09/15/1945) ( Most Recent) Type of Archival Materials: Photographs and other Graphic Materials. Level of Description: Item from Record Group 208: Records of the Office of War Information, 1926 - 1951. Location: Still Picture Records LICON, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S),

National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001 PHONE: 301-837-3530, FAX: 301-837-3621, EMAIL: stillpix@nara.gov

Production Date: 1943. Part of: Series: Artworks and Mockups for Cartoons Promoting the War Effort and Original Sketches by Charles Alston, ca. 1942 - ca. 1945. Scope & Content Note: Bessye J. Bearden - with biographical paragraphs.

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted. Use Restrictions: Unrestricted. Specific Records Type: cartoons (humorous images) Variant Control Number(s): NAIL Control Number: NWDNS-208-COM-85.

Copy 1 Copy Status: Preservation Storage Facility: National Archives at College Park - Archives II (College Park, MD) Media Media Type: Artwork Index Terms Subjects Represented in the Archival Material. African Americans. Arts. World War, 1939-1945

Contributors to Authorship and/or Production of the Archival Materials Alston, Charles Henry, 1907-1977, Artist

Bessye J. Bearden From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bessye J. Bearden was an American journalist and mother of artist Romare Bearden.

Bessye J. Bearden was born in North Carolina to George T. and Carrie O. Banks. She attended public schools in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

She married R. Howard Bearden and this union produced a son, Romare.

For several years she served as a New York correspondent for the Chicago Defender.

Bearden has the distinction of being one of the first black women to serve as a member of New York City's Board of Education. She was also the founder and president of the Colored Women's Democratic League.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article, Bessye J. Bearden

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Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr.

Information presented on this website (THIS IMAGE) is considered public information and may be distributed or copied. Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) • U.S. Department of Transportation (US DOT) These images (or other media files) are in the public domain because its copyright has expired. This applies to the United States, where Works published prior to 1978 were copyright protected for a maximum of 75 years. See Circular 1 "COPYRIGHT BASICS" from the U.S. Copyright Office. Works published before 1923 are now in the public domain.

OWNERSHIP Information presented on this web site (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA) | U.S. Department of Transportation) is considered public information and may be distributed or copied. (THIS IMAGE) Generally speaking, works created by U.S. Government employees are not eligible for copyright protection in the United States. See Circular 1 "COPYRIGHT BASICS" from the U.S. Copyright Office.

Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. was an American inventor whose curiosity and innovation led him to develop several commercial products, the successors of which are still in use today. A practical man of humble beginnings, Morgan devoted his life to creating items that made the lives of common people safer and more convenient.

Among his creations was the three-position traffic signal, a traffic management device that greatly improved safety along America's streets and roadways. Morgan's technology was the basis for the modern-day traffic signal and was a significant contribution to development of what we now know as Intelligent Transportation Systems.

The Inventor's Early Life

Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. was born in Paris, Kentucky on March 4, 1877. His parents were former slaves. Morgan spent his early childhood attending school and working with his brothers and sisters on the family farm. He left Kentucky while still a teenager, moving north to Cincinnati, Ohio in search of employment.

An industrious youth, Morgan spent most of his adolescence working as a handyman for a wealthy Cincinnati landowner. Similar to many African Americans of his generation, whose circumstances compelled them to begin working at an early age, Morgan's formal education ended after elementary school. Eager to expand his knowledge, however, the precocious teenager hired a tutor and continued his studies in English grammar while living in Cincinnati.

In 1895, Morgan moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he worked as a sewing machine repair man for a clothing manufacturer. Experimenting with gadgets and materials to discover better ways of performing his trade became Morgan's passion. News of his proficiency for fixing things traveled fast and led to numerous job opportunities with various manufacturing firms throughout the Cleveland area.

Morgan opened his own sewing equipment and repair shop in 1907. It was the first of several businesses he would start. In 1909, he expanded the enterprise to include a tailoring shop which retained 32 employees. The new company made coats, suits and dresses, all sewn with equipment the budding inventor had made himself.

In 1920 Morgan started the Cleveland Call newspaper. As the years progressed, he became a prosperous and widely respected businessman. His prosperity enabled him to purchase a home and an automobile. Morgan's experiences driving through the streets of Cleveland are what led him to invent the nation's first patented three-position traffic signal.

The Three-Position Traffic Signal

The first American-made automobiles were introduced to U.S. consumers shortly before the turn of the century. Ford Motor Company was founded in 1903 and with it American consumers began to discover the adventures of the open road.

At that time, it was not uncommon for bicycles, animal-powered carts and motor vehicles to share the same thoroughfares with pedestrians. Accidents frequently occurred between the vehicles. After witnessing a collision between an automobile and a horse-drawn carriage, Morgan was convinced that something should be done to improve traffic safety.

While other inventors are reported to have experimented with and even marketed their own three-position traffic signals, Garrett A. Morgan was the first to apply for and acquire a U.S. patent for such a device. The patent was granted on November 20, 1923. Morgan later had the technology patented in Great Britain and Canada as well.

Prior to Morgan's invention, most of the traffic signals in use featured only two positions: Stop and Go. Manually operated, these two-position traffic signals were an improvement over no signal at all, but because they allowed no interval between the Stop and Go commands, collisions at busy intersections were common during the transition moving from one street to the other.

Another problem with the two-position traffic signals was the susceptibility to human error. Operator fatigue invariably resulted in erratic timing of the Stop and Go command changes, which confused both drivers and pedestrians. At night, when traffic officers were off duty, motorists frequently ignored the signals altogether.

The Morgan traffic signal was a T-shaped pole unit that featured three positions: Stop, Go and an all-directional stop position. The third position halted traffic in all directions before it allowed travel to resume on either of the intersection's perpendicular roads. This feature not only made it safer for motorists to pass through intersections, but also allowed pedestrians to cross more safely.

At night, or at other times when traffic was minimal, the Morgan signal could be positioned in a half-mast posture, alerting approaching motorists to proceed through the intersection with caution. The half-mast position had the same signaling effect as the flashing red and yellow lights of today's traffic signals.

Morgan's traffic management technology was used throughout North America until it was replaced by the red, yellow and green-light traffic signals currently used around the world. The inventor eventually sold the rights to his traffic signal to the General Electric Corporation for $40,000. Shortly before his death, in 1963, Morgan was awarded a citation for the traffic signal by the U.S. Government.

Another Significant Contribution to Public Safety

In 1912, Morgan received a patent on a Safety Hood and Smoke Protector. Two years later, a refined model of this early gas mask won a gold medal at the International Exposition of Sanitation and Safety, and another gold medal from the International Association of Fire Chiefs.

On July 25, 1916, Morgan made national news for using his gas mask to rescue several men trapped during an explosion in an underground tunnel beneath Lake Erie. Following the rescue, Morgan's company was bombarded with requests from fire departments around the country that wished to purchase the new life-saving masks. The Morgan gas mask was later refined for use by U.S. soldiers during World War I.

As word spread across North America and England about Morgan's life-saving inventions, such as the gas mask and the traffic signal, demand for these products grew far beyond his home town. He was frequently invited to conventions and public exhibitions around the country to show how his inventions worked. THE GARRETT A. MORGAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION FUTURES PROGRAM

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Lewis Howard Latimer

Lewis Howard Latimer, son of George Latimer, an escaped slave, was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, on the fourth day of September, 1848. He was the youngest of three boys and one girl. During the Civil War, at the age of fifteen or sixteen, he enlisted in the United States Naval Service and served as "landsman" on the U.S.S. Massasoit. Honorably discharged in 1865, Lewis returned to Boston. Despite limited opportunities for education, Lewis has an insatiable thirst for knowledge. His determination to succeed led him to become an important figure in the knowledge of this nation's electrical industry.

Description	Lewis Howard Latimer
Source	lrc.rpi.edu/resources/Lewis.jpg
Date	1882[1]
Author	unknown*

This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired. This applies to the United States, where Works published prior to 1978 were copyright protected for a maximum of 75 years. See Circular 1 "COPYRIGHT BASICS" from the U.S. Copyright Office.

Blessed with a talent for drawing and a love of painting, he was hired as an office boy by the firm of Crosby & Gould, patent solicitors. From his meager earnings he purchased a secondhand set of drafting tools. Together, with some library books and the aid of some draftsmen, Lewis gradually learned enough about drafting to approach his employer and ask that he be permitted to make some drawings. Reluctantly they agreed. As it turned out, his work was so outstanding that he was given a job as a draftsman in his office. Eventually he became the chief draftsman.

Hiram S. Maxim, founder of the U.S. Electric Light Co., at Bridgeport, CN, hired Lewis as assistant manager and draftsman. Here he learned the process for manufacturing filaments. This was quite a safety improvement for the operation of the electric light.

Lewis, also a gifted amateur poet, married Mary Wilson on December 10, 1873. For the occasion, Lewis wrote a special poem entitled: "EBON VENUS". This poem is one of many that appear in his book of poetry, "Poems of Love and Life". The Latimers had two daughters, Jeanette and Louise.

Lewis latimer executed the drawings and assisted in preparing the descriptions required to prepare the applications for the telephone patent of Alexander Graham Bell. The patent was issued in 1876.

One of Lewis Latimer's inventions, patented on February 10, 1874, dealt with "Water Closets for Railroad Cars."

In 1879, Thomas Edison had invented the incandescent electric lamp. Latimer studied all aspects of electricity. He carried on experiments which resulted in improvements on the incandescent lamp. The Latimer lamp then resulted in wide use for some time.

The brilliance, taken for granted today, was made possible by the pioneering work of men such as Thomas Edison and Lewis Howard Latimer. On January, 17, 1882, Lewis received what was probably his most important patent, a "Process of Manufacturing Carbons." His methodfor producing carbon filaments resulted in a superior filament that lasted much longer than others. Soon after, Latimer was called upon to install some of the first incandescent electric light plants in New York City. He installed electric lighting in the Equitable Building, the Union League Club of NYC, and other buildings. He proceeded to install electric lighting in Philadelphia and Canada, where he learned to speak French in order to explain his orders to the Canadian workers.

In 1881, Latimer was sent to London to set up an incandescent lamp department for Maxim-Weston Electric Light Company. In 1890, he was transferred to the legal department, where he was of tremendous value to Edison in defending his patents in court as an expert witness. More often than not, his expert testimony won the cases for Edison.

Lewis Latimer was awarded many other patents, became involved in teaching immigrants English and mechanical drawing at the Henry Street Settlement, and author of a book on incandescent lighting. He also has a talent for painting and was associated with the 1870's Civil Rights Movement. Richard Greener and Fredrick Douglas were some of his associates. In 1918, he became a member of the Edison Pioneers, an organization consisting of men associated with Thomas Edison prior to 1885.

Lewis Latimer retired in 1924 at the age of 75. He passed away at his home in Flushing, New York on December 11, 1928, at 80 years of age.

A public school in Brooklyn, NY now bears his name. It is known as The Lewis H. Latimer School. This honor was bestowed upon Mr. Latimer on May, 10 1968. The New York City Authority also held a dedication ceremony for the Lewis H. Latimer Gardens on June 8, 1971. The gardens are located at 35th Avenue and Linden Place in Flushing, NY. Latimer's grandaughter, Winifred L. Norman, Ph. D, is in the process of converting his home, in Flushing NY, into a museum.

Bibliography

Edison Pioneers, Tribute to Latimer, New York, 1928
Latimer, L. H., Incandescent Electric Lighting, New York, D. Van Nostrand, 1890
Negro History Associates, The Story of Lewis Latimer, New York, 1964
Ploski, H.S., and Brown, R.E., Negro Almanac, New York Bellwether Publishing Company, 1967

Patents

Feb. 10, 1874 - A water closet for railroad cars---------#147,363

1876 - Completed drawing for patent for Alexander Grahm Bell's Telephone

Sep. 13, 1881 - Improvement on electric lamp--------#247,097

Jan. 17, 1882 - Process for manufacturing carbon filament-----#252,386

Mar. 21, 1882 - Arc light globe support-------#255,212

Jan. 12, 1886 - Patent for apparatus for cooling and disinfecting-----#334,078

Aug. 25, 1895 - Device for locking hats, coats, and umbrellas on hanging racks-----#557,076

• TEXT CREDIT: Edison National Historic Site:
• PHOTO INFORMATION TABLE: * This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article, Image:Lewis latimer.jpg

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Benjamin Banneker

Creator: Office for Emergency Management. Office of War Information. Domestic Operations Branch. News Bureau. (06/13/1942 - 09/15/1945) ( Most Recent) Type of Archival Materials: Photographs and other Graphic Materials Level of Description: Item from Record Group 208: Records of the Office of War Information, 1926 - 1951.

Location: Still Picture Records LICON, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001 PHONE: 301-837-3530, FAX: 301-837-3621, EMAIL: stillpix@nara.gov

Production Date: 1943. Part of: Series: Artworks and Mockups for Cartoons Promoting the War Effort and Original Sketches by Charles Alston, ca. 1942 - ca. 1945
Scope & Content Note: Benjamin Banneker - with biographical paragraphs.

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted. Use Restrictions: Unrestricted.

Specific Records Type: cartoons (humorous images) Variant Control Number(s): NAIL Control Number: NWDNS-208-COM-82

Copy 1 Copy Status: Preservation. Storage Facility: National Archives at College Park - Archives II (College Park, MD) Media, Media Type: Artwork. Index Terms, Subjects Represented in the Archival Material. African Americans, Arts, World War, 1939-1945

Contributors to Authorship and/or Production of the Archival Materials, Alston, Charles Henry, 1907-1977, Artist

Molly Walsh emigrated from England to the colony Maryland as an indentured slave in bondage for seven years. When her servitude ended, Molly purchased a farm along the Patapsco River near Baltimore. and two slaves. In time she set the slaves free and married one of them, a man named Bannaky (changed from Banna Ka). They had several children, one a daughter named Mary. Mary Bannaky grew up, purchased a slave, Robert, whom she later married and lived on the family farm. On Nov. 9, 1731, a son, Benjamin, was born to Robert and Mary Bannaky. - BENJAMIN BANNEKER 1731-1806 - Mathematicians of the African Diaspora:

Benjamin Banneker From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Benjamin Banneker, originally Banna Ka, or Bannakay (November 9, 1731–October 9, 1806) was a free African American mathematician, astronomer, clockmaker, and publisher.

Banneker's mother was Mary Bannaky (1710–?). Oral tradition states that her mother was a European American named Molly Walsh, who was supposedly accused of stealing a pail of milk and sent from England to the colonies as punishment. The story goes that Molly became the owner of a farm and married one of her slaves named Bannakay, whom she freed. They had four girls and Mary was the oldest.

Benjamin's father, Robert Banna Ka, was a former slave who had built a series of dams and watercourses that successfully irrigated the family farm at Ellicott's Mills, where Benjamin lived most of his life. Benjamin was taught to read and do simple arithmetic by his grandmother and by a Quaker schoolmaster, who changed his name to Banneker. Once he was old enough to help on his parents' farm, his formal education ended.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article, Benjamin Banneker

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Malcolm X

TITLE: Malcolm X at Queens Court / World Telegram & Sun photo by Herman Hiller. CALL NUMBER: NYWTS - BIOG--Malcolm X--Black Muslim--Dead [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-119478 (b&w film copy neg.)

RIGHTS INFORMATION: No copyright restriction known. Staff photographer reproduction rights transferred to Library of Congress through Instrument of Gift.

High Resolution Image‎ (2,191 × 3,000 pixels, file size: 572 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)

SUMMARY: Malcolm X, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing right. MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED, PUBLISHED: 1964.. CREATOR: Hiller, Herman, photographer. NOTES: NYWT&S staff photo. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). SUBJECTS: X, Malcolm, 1925-1965. FORMAT: Portrait photographs 1960-1970. Photographic prints 1960-1970.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3c19478 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3c19478 CONTROL #: 97519439

MARC Record Line 540 - No copyright restriction known. Staff photographer reproduction rights transferred to Library of Congress through Instrument of Gift. Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [reproduction number, LC-USZ62-119478]

Malcolm X From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965), also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, was an American Black Muslim minister and a one-time spokesman for the Nation of Islam.

After leaving the Nation of Islam in 1964, he made the pilgrimage, the Hajj, to Mecca and became a Sunni Muslim. He also founded the Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Less than a year later, he was assassinated in Washington Heights on the first day of National Brotherhood Week.

Historian Robin D.G. Kelley wrote, "Malcolm X has been called many things: Pan-Africanist, father of Black Power, religious fanatic, closet conservative, incipient socialist, and a menace to society. The meaning of his public life — his politics and ideology — is contested in part because his entire body of work consists of a few dozen speeches and a collaborative autobiography whose veracity is challenged.... Malcolm has become a sort of tabula rasa, or blank slate, on which people of different positions can write their own interpretations of his politics and legacy. Chuck D of the rap group Public Enemy and Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas can both declare Malcolm X their hero."

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article, Malcolm X

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Althea Gibson

TITLE: [Althea Gibson, half-length portrait, holding tennis racquet] / World Telegram & Sun photo by Fred Palumbo. CALL NUMBER: NYWTS - BIOG--Gibson, Althea--Tennis [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-114745 (b&w film copy neg.) No copyright restriction known. Staff photographer reproduction rights transferred to Library of Congress through Instrument of Gift.

High Resolution Image (2419 × 3000 pixel, file size: 762 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)

MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED, PUBLISHED: 1956. CREATOR: Palumbo, Fred, photographer. NOTES: NYWT&S staff photo. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection.

DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3c14745 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3c14745 CARD #: 95512217

Marc Line Record 540 - No copyright restriction known. Staff photographer reproduction rights transferred to Library of Congress through Instrument of Gift

Althea Gibson From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Born in Silver, South Carolina, Gibson was the daughter of sharecroppers and was raised in Harlem, New York City. She and her family were on welfare. Gibson had trouble in school. She ran away from home quite frequently. She excelled in horsemanship but also competed in golf, basketball, and paddle tennis.

Her talent for and love of paddle tennis led her to win tournaments sponsored by the Police Athletic League and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Musician Buddy Walker noticed her playing table tennis and introduced her to tennis at the Harlem River Tennis Courts. Dr. Walter Johnson, a Lynchburg, Virginia, physician who was active in the black tennis community, helped with her training.

With the assistance of a sponsor, Gibson moved to Wilmington, North Carolina in 1946 for tennis training, and in 1947 at the age of 20, she won the first of 10 consecutive national championships run by the American Tennis Association, the then-governing body for black tournaments. Forced to play in what was basically a segregated sport, at age 23 Gibson was finally given the opportunity to participate in the 1950 U.S. Championships after Alice Marble had written an editorial for the July 1, 1950, edition of American Lawn Tennis Magazine.

Marble said, "Miss Gibson is over a very cunningly wrought barrel, and I can only hope to loosen a few of its staves with one lone opinion. If tennis is a game for ladies and gentlemen, it's also time we acted a little more like gentlepeople and less like sanctimonious hypocrites.... If Althea Gibson represents a challenge to the present crop of women players, it's only fair that they should meet that challenge on the courts." Marble said that if Gibson were not given the opportunity to compete, "then there is an uneradicable mark against a game to which I have devoted most of my life, and I would be bitterly ashamed

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article, Althea Gibson

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