Native American Heritage Geronimo

Digital ID: cph 3a37017. Source: b&w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-36613 (b&w film copy neg.) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (1,392 kilobytes) Unedited Image TITLE: Geronimo. CALL NUMBER: BIOG FILE - Geronimo [item] [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-36613 (b&w film copy neg.) RIGHTS INFORMATION: No known restrictions on publication.

SUMMARY: Portrait, facing front, posed on one knee holding rifle. MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED/PUBLISHED: c1886. NOTES: Photo by A.F. Randall, Wilcox, A.T. This record contains unverified, old data from caption card.

Works published prior to 1978 were copyright protected for a maximum of 75 years. See Circular 1 "COPYRIGHT BASICS" from the U.S. Copyright Office. Works published before 1923 (THIS IMAGE) are now in the public domain.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a37017. hdl.loc.gov/cph.3a37017. CONTROL #: 2004672097

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [reproduction number, LC-USZ62-36613]

MARC Record Line 540 - No known restrictions on publication.

Geronimo From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Geronimo (Chiricahua: Goyaałé, "one who yawns"; often spelled Goyathlay or Goyahkla in English) (June 16, 1829–February 17, 1909) was a prominent Native American leader of the Chiricahua Apache who warred against the encroachment of the United States on his tribal lands and people for over 25 years.

Goyaałé (Geronimo) was born to the Bedonkohe band of the Apache, near Turkey Creek, a tributary of the Gila River in what is now the state of New Mexico, then part of Mexico, but which his family considered Bedonkohe land.

Geronimo's father, Tablishim, and mother, Juana, educated him according to Apache traditions. He married a woman from the Chiricauhua band of Apache; they had three children. On March 5, 1851, a company of 400 Sonoran soldiers led by Colonel Jose Maria Carrasco attacked Geronimo's camp outside Janos while the men were in town trading. Among those dead were Geronimo's wife, Alope, his children, and mother. His chief, Mangas Coloradas, sent him to Cochise's band for help in revenge against the Mexicans. It was the Mexicans who named him Geronimo. This appellation stemmed from a battle in which he repeatedly attacked Mexican soldiers with a knife, ignoring a deadly hail of bullets. In reference to the Mexicans' plea to Saint Jerome, the name stuck

The first Apache raids on Sonora appear to have taken place during the late 17th century. To counter the early Apache raids on Spanish settlements, presidios were established at Janos (1685) in Chihuahua and at Fronteras (1690) in northern Opata country. In 1835, Mexico had placed a bounty on Apache scalps. Two years later Mangas Coloradas or Dasoda-hae (Red Sleeves) became principal chief and war leader and began a series of retaliatory raids against the Mexicans. Apache raids on Mexican villages were so numerous and brutal that no area was safe.

While Geronimo said he was never a chief, he was a military leader. As a Chiricahua Apache, this meant he was also a spiritual leader. He consistently urged raids and war upon many Mexican and later U.S. groups.

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Native American Heritage Sitting Bull

Digital ID: cph 3a14645. Source: b&w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-12276 (b&w film copy neg.) , LC-USZ62-122855 (b&w film copy neg.) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (1,473 kilobytes) Unedited Image (35253 bytes)

Additional versions and related images. Digital ID: cph 3c22855. Source: b&w film copy neg. Medium resolution JPEG version (24 kilobytes), Retrieve higher resolution JPEG version (68 kilobytes), Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (12 megabytes)

TITLE: [Sitting Bull, half-length portrait, seated, facing front, holding calumet]. CALL NUMBER: LOT 12940. [P&P]. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-12276 (b&w film copy neg.) LC-USZ62-122855 (b&w film copy neg.) MEDIUM: 1 photographic print on cabinet card mount. CREATED, PUBLISHED: c1881.

Works published prior to 1978 were copyright protected for a maximum of 75 years. See Circular 1 "COPYRIGHT BASICS" from the U.S. Copyright Office. Works published before 1923 (THIS IMAGE) are now in the public domain.

CREATOR: Goff, O. S. (Orlando Scott), 1843-1917, photographer. NOTES: 1263(?) U.S. Copyright Office. On verso: O.S. Goff, Bismarck, D.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a14645 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3a14645. (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3c22855 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3c22855. VIDEO FRAME ID: LCPP003A-14645 (from b&w film copy neg.) CONTROL #: 99402403

Sitting Bull From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sitting Bull (Sioux: Tatanka Iyotake or Tatanka Iyotanka or Ta-Tanka I-Yotank, first named Slon-he, (Slow), (c. 1831 – December 15, 1890) was a Hunkpapa Lakota medicine man and holy man. He is notable in American and Native American history in large part for his major victory at the Battle of the Little Bighorn against Custer’s 7th Cavalry, where his premonition of defeating them became reality. Even today, his name is synonymous with Native American culture, and he is considered to be one of the most famous Native Americans in history.

The Battle of Killdeer Mountain struck a significant blow against Native American resistance, and many chiefs gave up the fight and went to reservations. Sitting Bull refused to surrender and rose to be a tribal leader, leading his warriors in a siege against the newly-constructed Fort Rice in present-day North Dakota. This action won him respect among the tribe, and he became head chief of the Lakota nation in c. 1868. During this period, white settlers, miners, farmers, missionaries, railroad workers, and military personnel began to expand the United States, and Native Americans were increasingly being forced from their tribal lands.

Sitting Bull, who was a medicine man, began to work toward uniting his people against this invasion. Like many tribal leaders, Sitting Bull first attempted to make peace and trade with the whites. However, many of the men the Lakota encountered would trick them into accepting poor deals for their lands and produce, which created resentment amongst the tribes. After the discovery of gold in 1876 in the Black Hills, his people were driven from their reservation in the area, a place that the Sioux considered holy. Sitting Bull took up arms against the whites and refused to be transported to the Indian territory.

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Native American Heritage Hollow Horn Bear

Digital ID: cph 3b01642. Source: b&w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-53674 (b&w film copy neg.) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (1,757 kilobytes) TITLE: Hollow Horn Bear--Brulé, CALL NUMBER: LOT 12319 [item] [P&P]. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-53674 (b&w film copy neg.)

Rights Information: Publication and other forms of distribution: Permitted. Photographs in this collection were deposited for copyright between 1899 and 1929. Works copyrighted before 1923 are now in the public domain. The copyright for the works after 1923 was not renewed, so they are also in the public domain. (See the Copyright Office's Circular 1, "Copyright Basics," page 6).

SUMMARY: Hollow Horn Bear, bust portrait, facing front. MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED, PUBLISHED: c1907 December 26. CREATOR: Curtis, Edward S., 1868-1952, photographer.

NOTES: H104298 U.S. Copyright Office. Curtis no. 2465-07. (EXPIRED) Forms part of: Edward S. Curtis Collection (Library of Congress). Published in: The North American Indian / Edward S. Curtis. [Seattle, Wash.] : Edward S. Curtis, 1907-30, Suppl., v. 3, pl. 82.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3b01642 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3b01642 CONTROL #: 2002719670

Sioux From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Sioux (IPA /su/) are a Native American and First Nations people. The term can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or any of the nation's many dialects. The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on dialect and subculture:

* Isanti ("Knife," originating from the name of a lake in present-day Minnesota): residing in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota, and northern Iowa, and are often referred to as the Santee or Dakota.

* Ihanktowan-Ihanktowana ("Village-at-the-end" and "little village-at-the-end"): residing in the Minnesota River area, they are considered to be the middle Sioux, and are often referred to as the Yankton or Nakota.

* Teton (“Dwellers on the Prairie”): the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture, and are often referred to as the Lakota.

Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and also in Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan in Canada.

The historical Sioux referred to the Great Sioux Nation as the Oceti Sakowin (pronunciation: "Oh-SHAY-tee SHAW-ko-ween"), meaning "Seven Council Fires". Each fire represented a tiyospaye (family or band). The seven nations that comprise the Sioux are: Mdewakanton, Wahpetowan (Wahpeton), Wahpekute, Sissetowan (Sisseton), the Ihantowan (Yankton), Ihanktowana (Yanktonai), and the Teton (Lakota). Historically, the Seven Council Fires would assemble each summer to hold council, renew kinships, decide tribal matters and hold the Sun Dance. The seven divisions would select four leaders known as Wicasa Yatapicka from among the leaders of each division. Being one of the four leaders was considered the highest honor for a leader; however, the once-a-year gathering meant the majority of tribal administration was cared for by the usual leaders of each division. The last meeting of the seven council fires was in 1850.

Today it is preferable to refer to the Teton, Isanti, or Ihanktowan/Ihanktowana as either Lakota, Dakota, or Nakota respectively. In any of the three main dialects, "Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota" all translate to mean "friend," or more properly, "ally." Usage of Lakota, Dakota, or Nakota may then refer to the alliance that once bound the Great Sioux Nation together.

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Native American Heritage Month Calling a Moose

Digital ID: cph 3c23167. Source: b&w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-123167 (b&w film copy neg.). Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieve unedited JPEG version (149 kilobytes) TITLE: Calling a moose on a birch-bark trumpet;--Cree. CALL NUMBER: LOT 12324 [P&P]. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-123167 (b&w film copy neg.). SUMMARY: Cree man in woods blowing horn.

Rights Information: Publication and other forms of distribution: Permitted. Photographs in this collection were deposited for copyright between 1899 and 1929. Works copyrighted before 1923 are now in the public domain. The copyright for the works after 1923 was not renewed, so they are also in the public domain. (See the Copyright Office's Circular 1, "Copyright Basics," page 6).

MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED, PUBLISHED: c1927. CREATOR: Curtis, Edward S., 1868-1952, photographer. NOTES:

J295121 U.S. Copyright Office. Edward S. Curtis Collection (Library of Congress). Published in: The North American Indian / Edward S. Curtis. [Seattle, Wash.] : Edward S. Curtis, 1907-30, v. 18, p. 16.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3c23167 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3c23167. CONTROL #: 99404777

Cree From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Cree are an indigenous people of North America who occupy an area from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean in both Canada and the United States. They now constitute the largest group of First Nations people in Canada and are referred to as Native Americans in the United States. The Cree language is an Algonquian language and was once the most widely spoken in northern North America. Currently, however, not all Crees speak Cree fluently and English is more commonly used in Cree communities in the United States, Western Canada and Ontario. In Quebec, however, almost all Crees speak fluent Cree; English and French are nevertheless used in the work place, public administration, and for external relations.

Skilled buffalo hunters and horsemen, the Cree were allied to the Assiniboine of the Sioux before encountering English and French settlers in the 16th century.

Presently, the remaining Cree in the United States live on the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation which is shared with the Chippewa.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article, Cree

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Native American Heritage Month Maricopa Tribe

Digital ID: cph 3c01181. Source: b&w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-101181 (b&w film copy neg.) Retrieve unedited JPEG version (136 kilobytes) Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (12 megabytes) TITLE: [Saguaro gatherers, Maricopa tribe]. CALL NUMBER: LOT 12312-E [item] [P&P]. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-101181 (b&w film copy neg.). SUMMARY: Three Maricopa women with baskets on their heads, standing by Saguaro cacti.

Rights Information: Publication and other forms of distribution: Permitted. Photographs in this collection were deposited for copyright between 1899 and 1929. Works copyrighted before 1923 are now in the public domain. The copyright for the works after 1923 was not renewed, so they are also in the public domain. (See the Copyright Office's Circular 1, "Copyright Basics," page 6).

MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED, PUBLISHED: 1907, c1907. CREATOR: Curtis, Edward S., 1868-1952, photographer. NOTES: H99646 U.S. Copyright Office. Edward S. Curtis Collection. Curtis no. X2206-07.

FORMAT: Photographic prints 1900-1910. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3c01181 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3c01181 CONTROL #: 90710181

Maricopa From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Maricopa, or Piipaash, are a Native American ethnic group who live in the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community and Gila River Indian Community along with the Pima, a tribe with whom the Maricopa have long held a positive relationship. They formerly consisted of small groups of people situated on the banks of the Colorado River that came together in the 19th century. Their heritage language is Maricopa.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article, Maricopa

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Native American Heritage Month Apache Still Life

Digital ID: cph 3c30198. Source: b&w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-130198 (b&w film copy neg.). Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieve unedited JPEG version (168 kilobytes)

Rights Information: Publication and other forms of distribution: Permitted. Photographs in this collection were deposited for copyright between 1899 and 1929. Works copyrighted before 1923 are now in the public domain. The copyright for the works after 1923 was not renewed, so they are also in the public domain. (See the Copyright Office's Circular 1, "Copyright Basics," page 6).

TITLE: Apache still life [A]. CALL NUMBER: LOT 12310-A [item] [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-130198 (b&w film copy neg.). RIGHTS INFORMATION: No known restrictions on publication. No renewal in Copyright office. SUMMARY: Nine containers: baskets, bowls, and jars.

MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED, PUBLISHED: c1907. CREATOR: Curtis, Edward S., 1868-1952, photographer. NOTES: H104255 U.S. Copyright Office. Curtis no. 1950-07. Forms part of: Edward S. Curtis Collection (Library of Congress).

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3c30198 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3c30198 CONTROL #: 2002695462

Apache From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Apache is the collective name for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the United States.

These indigenous peoples of North America speak a Southern Athabaskan (Apachean) language, and are related linguistically to the Athabaskan speakers of Alaska and western Canada. The modern term Apache excludes the related Navajo people. However, the Navajo and the other Apache groups are clearly related through culture and language and thus are considered Apachean. Apachean peoples formerly ranged over eastern Arizona, northwestern Mexico, New Mexico, parts of Texas, and a small group on the plains.

There was little political unity among the Apachean groups. The groups spoke seven different languages. The current division of Apachean groups includes the Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan, and Plains Apache (formerly Kiowa-Apache). Apache groups are now in Oklahoma and Texas and on reservations in Arizona and New Mexico. Many Navajo reside on a 16-million acre reservation in the Four Corners region of the United States. Some Apacheans have moved to large metropolitan areas, such as New York City.

The Apachean tribes were historically very powerful, constantly at enmity with the Spaniards and Mexicans for centuries. The first Apache raids on Sonora appear to have taken place during the late 17th century. The U.S. Army, in their various confrontations, found them to be fierce warriors and skillful strategists.

The warfare between Apachean peoples and Euro-Americans has led to a stereotypical focus on certain aspects of Apachean cultures that are often distorted through misperception as noted by anthropologist Keith Basso (1983: 462):

"Of the hundreds of peoples that lived and flourished in native North America, few have been so consistently misrepresented as the Apacheans of Arizona and New Mexico. Glorified by novelists, sensationalized by historians, and distorted beyond credulity by commercial film makers, the popular image of 'the Apache' — a brutish, terrifying semihuman bent upon wanton death and destruction — is almost entirely a product of irresponsible caricature and exaggeration. Indeed, there can be little doubt that the Apache has been transformed from a native American into an American legend, the fanciful and fallacious creation of a non-Indian citizenry whose inability to recognize the massive treachery of ethnic and cultural stereotypes has been matched only by its willingness to sustain and inflate them."

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Native American Heritage Month Two Tepees

Digital ID: cph 3c01262. Source: b&w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-101262. (b&w film copy neg.) Retrieve unedited JPEG version (60 kilobytes) TITLE: At the water's edge--Piegan, CALL NUMBER: LOT 12322-C [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-101262 (b&w film copy neg.) SUMMARY: Two tepees reflected in water of pond, with four Piegan Indians seated in front of one tepee.

Rights Information: Publication and other forms of distribution: Permitted. Photographs in this collection were deposited for copyright between 1899 and 1929. Works copyrighted before 1923 are now in the public domain. The copyright for the works after 1923 was not renewed, so they are also in the public domain. (See the Copyright Office's Circular 1, "Copyright Basics," page 6).

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Edward S. Curtis Collection, [reproduction number, e.g., LC-USZ62-123456]

MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED, PUBLISHED: 1910, c1910. CREATOR: Curtis, Edward S., 1868-1952, photographer.

NOTES: J150133 U.S. Copyright Office. Edward S. Curtis Collection. Curtis no. 3235-10. Published in: The North American Indian / Edward S. Curtis. [Seattle, Wash.] : Edward S. Curtis, 1907-30 suppl., v. 6, p. 195.

FORMAT: Photographic prints 1910. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3c01262 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3c01262. CONTROL #: 90710666

Algonquian peoples From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American Native groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds, and hundreds of thousands who still identify with various Algonquian peoples. This grouping consists of peoples that speak Algonquian languages.

Before European contact, most Algonquians lived by hunting and fishing, although quite a few supplemented their diet by cultivating corn, beans, squash, and (particularly among the Ojibwe) wild rice.

The Algonquians of New England (who spoke eastern Algonquian) practiced a seasonal economy. The basic social unit was the village of a few hundred people related by a kinship structure. Villages were temporary and mobile. They moved to locations of greatest natural food supply, often breaking into smaller units or recombining as the circumstances required. This custom resulted in a certain degree of cross-tribal mobility, especially in troubled times.

In warm weather, villages were constructed of light wigwams for portability. In the winter more solid long houses were used, in which more than one clan could reside. Food supplies were cached in more permanent, semi-subterranean buildings.

In the spring, when the fish were spawning, the natives left their winter camps to build light villages at coastal locations and waterfalls. In March they caught smelt in nets and weirs, moving about in birchbark canoes. In April they netted alewife, sturgeon and salmon. In May they caught cod with hook and line in the ocean, and trout, smelt, striped bass and flounder in the estuaries and streams. They put out to sea and hunted whales, porpoises, walruses and seals. The women and children gathered scallops, mussels, clams and crabs, all dishes in New England today.

In April through October, they hunted migratory birds and their eggs: Canada geese, brant, mourning doves and others. In July and August they gathered strawberries, raspberries, blueberries and nuts. In September they split into small groups and moved up the streams to the forest. There they hunted beaver, caribou, moose and white-tailed deer.

In December when the snows began they recombined in winter camps in sheltered locations, where they built or reconstructed long houses. February and March were lean times. They relied on cached food, especially in southern New England. Northerners had a policy of going hungry for several days at a time. It is hypothesized that this policy kept the population down according to Liebig’s law. The northerners were food gatherers only.

The southern Algonquians of New England relied predominantly on slash-and-burn agriculture. Fields were cleared by burning for one or two years of cultivation, after which the village moved to another location. This habit is the reason why the English found the region cleared and ready for planting. The native corn (maize), of which they planted various kinds, beans and squash improved the diet to such a degree that the southerners reached a density of 287 persons per square hundred miles, as opposed to 41 in the north.

Even with this mobile form of crop rotation, southern villages were necessarily less mobile than northern. The natives continued their seasonal occupation but tended to move into fixed villages near their lands. Society made the adjustment partially by developing a gender-oriented division of labor. The women farmed and the men fished and hunted.

By the year 1600, a convenient terminus for the relatively unstressed native economy and society, the indigenous population of New England had reached, it is estimated, 70,000–100,000.

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Native American Heritage Month Sioux Chiefs

Digital ID: cph 3g12466. Source: digital file from color film copy transparency. Reproduction Number: LC-USZC4-12466 (color film copy transparency) , LC-USZ62-90800 (b&w film copy neg.) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Retrieve unedited JPEG version (146 kilobytes)

Additional versions and related images. Digital ID: cph 3b37149. Source: digital file from b&w film copy neg. Medium resolution JPEG version (41 kilobytes). Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (1,640 kilobytes).

TITLE: Sioux chiefs. CALL NUMBER: LOT 12319 [item] [P&P]. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZC4-12466 (color film copy transparency). LC-USZ62-90800 (b&w film copy neg.). RIGHTS INFORMATION: No known restrictions on publication.

SUMMARY: Photograph shows three Native Americans on horseback. MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED, PUBLISHED: c1905. CREATOR: Curtis, Edward S., 1868-1952, photographer.

NOTES: H66971 U.S. Copyright Office. Title from item. Copyright by Edward S. Curtis. (EXPIRED). Curtis no.1452-05. Forms part of: Edward S. Curtis Collection (Library of Congress).

Published in: The North American Indian / Edward S. Curtis. [Seattle, Wash.] : Edward S. Curtis, 1907-30, Suppl. vol. 3, pl. 79.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (digital file from color film copy transparency) cph 3g12466 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3g12466, (digital file from b&w film copy neg.) cph 3b37149 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3b37149, CONTROL #: 96515425

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [reproduction number, LC-USZC4-12466]

MARC Record Line 540 - No known restrictions on publication. No renewal in Copyright office.

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Native American Heritage Month Atsina Warriors

Digital ID: cph 3a41783, Source: b&w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-41457 (b&w film copy neg.) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (1,745 kilobytes)

TITLE: Atsina warriors. CALL NUMBER: LOT 12322-A [item] [P&P]. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-41457 (b&w film copy neg.)

RIGHTS INFORMATION: No known restrictions on publication. No renewal in Copyright office.

SUMMARY: Several Atsina warriors on horseback some with feathered staffs and one with a headdress. MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED, PUBLISHED: c1908 November 19. CREATOR: Curtis, Edward S., 1868-1952, photographer.

NOTES: H1186(?)08 U.S. Copyright Office. Curtis no. 2936-08. Forms part of: Edward S. Curtis Collection (Library of Congress). Published in: The North American Indian / Edward S. Curtis. [Seattle, Wash.] : Edward S. Curtis, 1907-30, Suppl., v. 5, pl. 179.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a41783 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3a41783 . CONTROL #: 2002722450

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [reproduction number, LC-USZ62-41457]

MARC Record Line 540 - No known restrictions on publication. No renewal in Copyright office.

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Native American Heritage On the war path

On the war path -- Atsina. CALL NUMBER: LOT 12322-A [item] [P and P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-59000 (b and w film copy neg.), RIGHTS INFORMATION: No known restrictions on publication. No renewal in Copyright office. SUMMARY: Small band of Atsina men on horseback, some carrying staffs with feathers, one wearing a war bonnet.

MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED, PUBLISHED: c1908 November 19. CREATOR: Curtis, Edward S., 1868-1952, photographer.

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [reproduction number, LC-USZ62-59000]

MARC Record Line 540 - No known restrictions on publication. No renewal in Copyright office.

Digital ID: cph 3b06794. Source: b and w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-59000, (b and w film copy neg.) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (1,755 kilobytes) Unedited Image

Native American On the war path

NOTES: H118610 U.S. Copyright Office. Curtis no. 2938-08. Forms part of: Edward S. Curtis Collection (Library of Congress). Published in: The North American Indian / Edward S. Curtis. [Seattle, Wash.] : Edward S. Curtis, 1907-30, Suppl., v. 5, pl. 173.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (b and w film copy neg.) cph 3b06794 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3b06794. CONTROL #: 2002722348

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Native American Heritage Month Poster 2

Once upon a time . . .

For centuries the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota people gathered in the summertime near running streams to refresh their bodies and their spirits. There were ceremonies to be performed, marriages to be celebrated, newborn children to meet, and old stories to be retold.

Where Cherry Creek meets the Cheyenne River, this wide valley was a favorite place for gathering. It was central for the hunting bands of the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota. Buffalo were still in abundance to the west; the high banks of the waterways quieted the prairie winds; and they were safe from the terror of gunshots. Only goodness surrounded them, and it was the center of the universe.

Those days are long gone . . .

Once upon a time . . . High Resolution Image in PDF format

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Native American Heritage Month Poster

Native American Heritage Month Poster portrays an image of a male Native American dancer titled "Lakota Dancer" by Regina One Star (Rosebud (Sicangu) Lakota). November is Native American Heritage Month "Humankind has not woven the web of life. But we are one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. All things are bound together, all things connect" -- Seattle, Squamish Chief

"Native Nations: Continuing into the New Millennium" High Resolution Image

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Credit: U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior/USGS, U.S. Geological Survey/art by Regina One Star (THIS IMAGE) (if the photographer/artist is known)

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Native American Heritage Month

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The Creation of National American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month A Brief History Source: Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs

What began at the turn of the century as an effort to gain a day of recognition for the significant contributions the First Americans made to the establishment and growth of the United States has resulted in the month of November being designated for that purpose.

Early Proponents

One of the early proponents of an American Indian Day was Dr. Arthur C. Parker, a Seneca Indian who was the Director of the Museum of Arts and Science in Rochester, New York. He persuaded the Boy Scouts of America to set aside a day for the "First Americans," and for three years the Scouts adopted such a day. In 1915, at the annual Congress of the American Indian Association meeting in Lawrence, Kansas, a plan celebrating American Indian Day was formally approved. The Association directed its president, Rev. Sherman Coolidge, an Arapahoe, to call upon the country to set aside a day of recognition. Rev. Coolidge issued a proclamation on September 28, 1915, which declared the second Saturday of May as American Indian Day and contained the first formal appeal for recognition of American Indians as citizens.

The year before this proclamation was issued, Red Fox James, a Blackfeet Indian, rode horseback from state to state, seeking approval for a day to honor American Indians. On December 14, 1915, Red Fox James presented the endorsements of 24 state governments to the White House. There is no record, however, of such a national day being proclaimed.

State Celebrations

The first American Indian Day to be celebrated in a state was declared on the second Saturday in May 1916 by the governor of New York. Several states celebrate the fourth Friday in September. In Illinois, for example, legislators enacted such a day in 1919. Presently, several states have designated Columbus Day as Native American Day, but it continues to be a day we observe without any legal recognition as a national holiday.

Heritage Months

In 1990 President George Bush approved a joint resolution designating November 1990 as "National American Indian Heritage Month." Similar proclamations have been issued each year since 1994.

National American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month is celebrated to recognize the intertribal cultures and to educate the public about the heritage, history, art, and traditions of the American Indian and Alaska Native people. The Creation of National American Indian & Alaska Native Heritage Month A Brief History Source: Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs

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