Igneous Rock

Igneous rocks (from the Greek word for fire) form from when hot, molten rock (magma) crystallizes and solidifies. The melt originates deep within the Earth near active plate boundaries or hot spots, then rises toward the surface. Igneous rocks are divided into two groups, intrusive or extrusive, depending upon where the molten rock solidifies.

Extrusive , or volcanic, igneous rock is produced when magma exits and cools outside of, or very near the Earth's surface. These are the rocks that form at erupting volcanoes and oozing fissures. The magma, called lava when molten rock erupts on the surface, cools and solidifies almost instantly when it is exposed to the relatively cool temperature of the atmosphere.

Quick cooling means that mineral crystals don't have much time to grow, so these rocks have a very fine-grained or even glassy texture. Hot gas bubbles are often trapped in the quenched lava, forming a bubbly, vesicular texture. Pumice, obsidian, and basalt are all extrusive igneous rocks.

Intrusive, or plutonic igneous rock forms when magma is trapped deep inside the Earth. Great globs of molten rock rise toward the surface. Some of the magma may feed volcanoes on the Earth's surface, but most remains trapped below, where it cools very slowly over many thousands or millions of years until it solidifies.

Igneous Rock Un-retouched image

Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Intrusive igneous rock (diorite) from Electric Peak stock in the Gallatin Range. The rock is composed chiefly of light-colored quartz and feldspar and dark-colored iron and magnesium silicate minerals. 1970. Figure 20, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1347. Terms of Use, Copyright, and Publishing Information

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Jonathan Swift.

Jonathan Swift, afterward the celebrated dean of St. Patrick's, was born on the 30th of November 1667, in Hoey's court, Dublin. When he was but a year old, he was, without the knowledge of his mother or relations, stolen away by his nurse, and carried to Whitehaven; which place she was under a necessity of visiting, on account of the illness of a relation, from whom she expected a legacy; and, as is usual among Irish nurses, she bore such an affection to the child, that she could not think of going without him. There he continued for almost three years; and she took such care of him, that he had learned to spell, and could read any chapter in the Bible before he was five years oId.

At the age of fix he was sent to the school of Kilkenny; and at fourteen admitted into the university of Dublin. The expense of his education being defrayed by his uncle Godwin Swift, the eldest of the brothers who had settled in Ireland. He was a lawyer of great eminence, and had made considerable sums of money, which were for the most part squandered away in idle projects. By means of which, soon after his nephew had entered the college, he found himself involved in great difficulties; and being father of a numerous offspring by four wives, he was under a necessity of reducing the stipend allowed to his nephew for his support at the university, as low as possible.

Engraver: James Basire (London, 1730 - 1802) also known as James Basire Sr. He is the most significant of a family of engravers, and noted for his apprenticing of the young William Blake. His father, Isaac Basire (1704-68) was a map maker, his son (1769-1822) and grandson (1796-1869) were also named James; these four generations of Basires were all engravers. Their overlapping careers has led to difficulties in attribution of some works. Title: The works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift, D.D., Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift, D.D., Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin, Jonathan Swift. Authors: Jonathan Swift, Thomas Sheridan, John Nichols.

Publisher: Printed for J. Johnson, J. Nichols, R. Baldwin, Otridge and Son, J. Sewell, F. and C. Rivington, T. Payne, R. Faulder, G. and J. Robinson, R. Lea, J. Nunn, W. Cuthell, T. Egerton, ... [and 12 others], 1801. Original from: Oxford University. Digitized: Oct 8, 2007. Subjects: Literary Criticism / European / English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh. Export Citation: BiBTeX EndNote.

The real situation of Godwin's affairs not being then known to the world, and as he was looked upon to be much the richest of the family, Swift's other relations seemed at that time to think that their aid was not at all necessary; so that he was obliged to make the best shift he could, with the wretched allowance that his uncle gave him. Thus was one of the most aspiring and liberal minds in the world, early checked and confined, by the narrowness of his circumstances;

This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired.

This applies to the United States, where Works published prior to 1978 were copyright protected for a maximum of 75 years. See Circular 1 "COPYRIGHT BASICS" PDF. Works published before 1923, in this case 1801, are now in the public domain.

and also in countries that figure copyright from the date of death of the artist (post mortem auctoris) in this case (James Basire (London, 1730 - 1802) and that most commonly run for a period of 50 to 70 years from december 31 of that date.