Giant Squid (Architeuthis sp.)

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Giant squid From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Giant squid, once believed to be mythical creatures, are squid of the Architeuthidae family, represented by as many as eight species of the genus Architeuthis. They are deep-ocean dwelling animals that can grow to a tremendous size: recent estimates put the maximum size at 13 m (43 ft) for females and 10 m (33 ft) for males from caudal fin to the tip of the two long tentacles (second only to the colossal squid at an estimated 14 m (46 ft), one of the largest living organisms). The mantle is only about 2 m (7 ft) long (more for females, less for males), and the length of the squid excluding its tentacles is about 5 m (16 ft). There have been claims reported of specimens of up to 20 m (66 ft), but no animals of such size have been scientifically documented.

On September 30, 2004, researchers from the National Science Museum of Japan and the Ogasawara Whale Watching Association took the first images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat.[1] Several of the 556 photographs were released a year later. The same team successfully filmed a live giant squid for the first time on December 4, 2006.

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Halloween Pumpkins

Pumpkins, taken at the Hancock Shaker village. I, the copyright holder (Eranb) of these works, hereby release them into the public domain. This applies worldwide. In case this is not legally possible: I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose,

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More pumpkins, taken at the Hancock Shaker village High Resolution Image (1152 × 864 pixel, file size: 272 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg),Category: Pumpkin

Pumpkin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A pumpkin is a squash fruit that grows as a gourd from a trailing vine of certain species in the genus Cucurbita. Although native to the Western hemisphere, pumpkins are cultivated in North America, continental Europe, Australia, New Zealand, India and some other countries. Cucurbita species referred to as pumpkins include Curcurbita pepo, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita mixta, and Cucurbita moschata.

The pumpkin varies greatly in form, being sometimes nearly globular, but more generally oblong or ovoid in shape. The rind is smooth and varies in color between cultivars. Although orange is the most common color, some fruits are dark green, pale green, orange-yellow, white, red and gray. Large specimens acquire a weight of 40 to 80 lb (18 to 36 kg), but smaller fruits are more frequently encountered.

Although the pumpkin is botanically classified as a fruit (the ripened ovary of a flowering plant), it is widely regarded culinarily as a vegetable. Their insides are commonly eaten cooked and served in dishes such as pumpkin pie, pumpkin bread, and pumpkin soup; the seeds can be roasted as a snack. Pumpkins are traditionally used to carve Jack-o'-lanterns for use in Halloween celebrations.

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Western Wall Wailing Wall

Western Wall Wailing Wall TITLE: The Temple area. Jerusalem. The western wall of the Temple area. (The Jews' Wailing Wall). CALL NUMBER: LC-M32- P-46[P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-matpc-05899 (digital file from original photo) RIGHTS INFORMATION: No known restrictions on publication. MEDIUM: 1 negative : glass, dry plate ; 5 x 7 in.

CREATED, PUBLISHED: [between 1898 and 1946] NOTES: Title from: list, Photographic subjects of Bible Lands. Taken either by the American Colony Photo Department or its successor the Matson Photo Service. Gift; Episcopal Home; 1978.

PART OF: G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection. REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (digital file from original photo) matpc 05899 hdl.loc.gov/matpc.05899 CONTROL #: mpc2004005789/PP

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The Western Wall (Hebrew: הכותל המערבי, translit.: HaKotel HaMa'aravi), or simply The Kotel, is a retaining wall in Jerusalem that dates from the time of the Jewish Second Temple (516 BCE - 70 CE). It is sometimes referred to as the Wailing Wall (Arabic: il-Mabka), referring to Jews mourning the destruction of the Temple. The Western Wall is part of the bigger religious site in the Old City of Jerusalem called Har ha-Bayit (the Temple Mount) to Jews and Christians, or Al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary) to Muslims.

The Western Wall is revered for its proximity to the sacred Holy of Holies on the Temple Mount, which is the Most Holy Place in Judaism. This means that for Jews the Western Wall is the holiest location that is currently generally accessible to the Jewish people for prayer. There is a small area below ground level, called "The Cave", in the Western Wall Tunnel, that is closest to the site of the Holy of Holies. However, as this area is not amenable to the large groups that frequent the wall, most people limit their visits to the outdoor plaza.

At any hour, Jewish men and women can be found praying at the wall, which is actually a large outdoor synagogue. As is traditional in Jewish synagogues, there are a number of holy arks containing Torah scrolls, tables for reading of the law and a mechitza, or divider, separating the men's and women's sections of the wall.

Bar mitzvah celebrations are frequently held here, and people of various ages travel from all over the world to have their ceremonies at the Kotel. It is also a tradition to deposit slips of paper with wishes or prayers on them in the crevices and crannies of the wall. Looking closely, one can see hundreds of tiny, folded papers stuffed inside every space that will hold them.

The Temple in Jerusalem was the most sacred building in Judaism. Herod the Great built vast retaining walls around Mount Moriah, expanding the small, quasi-natural plateau on which the First and Second Temples stood into the wide open spaces of the Temple Mount seen today.

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St. Peter's Basilica

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St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is the largest church in the world. The square in front of the facade of St. Peter's is called St. Peter's square.

Vatican City From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vatican City, officially State of the Vatican City (Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae; Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano), is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome. At approximately 44 hectares (108.7 acres), it is the smallest independent state in the world.

The state came into existence by virtue of the Lateran Treaty in 1929, which speaks of it as a new creation (Preamble and Article III), not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756 to 1870) that had previously encompassed central Italy, most of which was absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, and the final part, the city of Rome and a small area close to it, ten years later.

Vatican City is a non-hereditary, elected monarchy that is ruled by the Bishop of Rome — the Pope. The highest state functionaries are all clergymen of the Catholic Church. It is the sovereign territory of the Holy See (Latin:Sancta Sedes) and the location of the Apostolic Palace — the Pope's official residence — and of much of the Roman Curia.

For almost 1000 years (324-1309) the Popes lived at the Lateran Palace on the Caelian Hill in the east of Rome. Only because the Lateran building was out of repair on their return from 68 years in Avignon have they since 1377 lived in the Vatican or, for a while, at the Quirinal, now the residence of the president of Italy. The Lateran Treaty by which the Vatican City State was set up is so called because it was signed in the restored Lateran building, which is now the residence of the Pope's Cardinal Vicar for the City of Rome. There have been two Vatican Councils, but five Lateran Councils. The Basilica of St. John Lateran, not the St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican, remains the Pope's cathedral.

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Dome of the Rock

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Dome of the Rock, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Dome of the Rock (Arabic: مسجد قبة الصخرة, translit.: Masjid Qubbat As-Sakhrah, Hebrew: כיפת הסלע, translit.: Kipat Hasela, Turkish: Kubbetüs Sahra) is an Islamic shrine in what Muslims call the Noble Sanctuary (al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif, Arabic: الحرم القدسي الشريف) — which Jews and Christians call Har ha-Bayit (Hebrew: הר הבית) or the Temple Mount — it remains one of the best known landmarks of Jerusalem. It was built between 687 and 691 by the 9th Caliph, Abd al-Malik, making it the oldest extant Islamic building in the world.

The rock in the center of the dome is the spot from which, according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad (Peace be upon him) ascended for a night-long journey to Heaven in AD 621, accompanied by the angel Gabriel. There he met many prophets like Abraham and Moses and was given the (now obligatory) Islamic prayers before returning to Earth. A Qur'anic verse says that Muhammad (Peace be upon him) took an instantaneous night journey on Buraq from al-Masjid al-Haram ("the sacred mosque", interpreted as being in Mecca) to al-Masjid al-Aqsa ("the farthest mosque", interpreted as being in Jerusalem)

In Judaism the stone is the site where Abraham fulfilled God's test to see if he would be willing to sacrifice his son Isaac (Genesis 22:1-19). (Muslims believe that this event involved Abraham's other son Ishmael and occurred in the desert of Mina where millions of Muslims offer pilgrimage every year).

There is some controversy among secular scholars about equating Mount Moriah (where Isaac's binding occurred according to the Biblical narrative), the Temple Mount, and the rock where Jacob dreamed about angels ascending and descending on a ladder to heaven (Genesis 28:10-19); but for Orthodox Jews, there is no doubt that all these events occurred on this spot.

Situated inside the Holy of Holies, this was the rock upon which the Ark of the Covenant was placed in the First Temple. During the Second Temple, the stone was used by High Priest who offered up the incense and sprinkled the blood of the sacrifices on it during the Yom Kippur Service. Rabbinic legend also alleges that the entire world was created from this stone, hence the name אבן השתייה, Foundation Stone.

In Christianity, in addition to Jesus's actions in the temple, it is believed that during the time of the Byzantine Empire, the spot where the Dome was later constructed was where Constantine's mother built a small church, calling it the Church of St. Cyrus and St. John, later on enlarged and called the Church of the Holy Wisdom.

On the walls of the Dome of the Rock is an inscription in a mosaic frieze that includes the following words:

"Bless your envoy and your servant Jesus son of Mary and peace upon him on the day of birth and on the day of death and on the day he is raised up again. It is a word of truth in which they doubt. It is not for God to take a son. Glory be to him when he decrees a thing he only says be and it is."

This appears to be the earliest extant citation from the Qur'an, with the date recorded as 72 after the Hijra (or 691-692 AD), which historians view as the year of the Dome's construction.

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This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code. High Resolution Image, (482 × 709 pixel, file size: 234 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg). El Sakhra (a.k.a el Sakhra, the Rock, and the rock beneath the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem).

This is half of a stereoscopic image in the Matson Collection of the Library of Congress. Originally, The Library of Congress horizontally flipped this online image (leading to multiple erroneous Wikipedia entries). The image has now been corrected.

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William "Dummy" Hoy

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"Dummy" Hoy invented the hand signs the umpires use. Before Hoy invented the signs, deaf baseball players didn't know whether they were safe or out. To make it easier for the deaf to play baseball, "Dummy" created signs for safe, out, strike, ball, etc. These signs became accepted by all umpires for all games, not just the ones in which Hoy played. William "Dummy" Hoy

Do you know how many bases William Ellsworth "Dummy" Hoy stole in his major league career? Over 600, according to Sam Crawford. "That alone should be enough to put him in the Hall of Fame!" said Crawford. Hitting A Home Run For Deaf People Everywhere

Goodwin & Company From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Goodwin & Company was an American tobacco manufacturer from New York City. Initially E. Goodwin and Brother, the company was founded before the American Civil War. It was known for its cigarette brands "Gypsy Queen" and "Old Judge". In 1890, the company was merged, along with four others, into James Buchanan Duke's American Tobacco Company to create an American monopoly on tobacco product manufacturing and retail.

Today the company is mostly remembered for its tobacco trading cards, depicting baseball players, other athletes, and a variety of social scenes and portraits. In 1887, Goodwin & Co. were the among the first to issue trading cards to promote their brands, first using sepia-toned photographic albumen prints, and later chromolithographic reproductions of multi-colored etchings.

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TITLE: [Dummy Hoy] CALL NUMBER: LOT 13163-05, no. 311. MEDIUM: 1 photographic print : albumen. CREATED/PUBLISHED: 1887-90. Unedited jpg NOTES: Issued by: Goodwin & Company COLLECTION: Baseball Cards from the Benjamin K. Edwards Collection. REPOSITORY:Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID:(original) bbc 0383

Baseball Cards: Copyright and Other Restrictions - the Library of Congress is not aware of any U.S. copyright protection (see Title 17 U.S.C.) or any other restrictions in the Baseball Cards materials,.

Cigarette card collector Benjamin K. Edwards preserved these baseball cards in albums with more than 12,000 other cards on many subjects. After his death, Edwards' daughter gave the albums to noted poet and Lincoln biographer Carl Sandburg, who donated them to the Library's Prints and Photographs Division in 1954.

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Seattle Space Needle

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Space Needle From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Space Needle is a tower in Seattle, Washington. It is a major landmark of the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and the symbol of Seattle. Located in Seattle Center, it was built for the 1962 World's Fair, during which time nearly 20,000 people a day used the elevators — 2.3 million visitors in all for the World Fair.

The Space Needle is 605 feet (184 m) high and 138 feet (42 m) wide at its widest point and weighs 9,550 tons. When it was completed it was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River. It is built to withstand winds of up to 200 mph (320 km/h) and earthquakes up to 9.5 magnitude (which would protect the structure against an earthquake as powerful as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake) and has 25 lightning rods on the roof to prevent lightning damage.

The Space Needle features an observation deck at 520 feet (160 m), the SkyCity restaurant at 500 feet (152 m), and a gift shop. From the top of the Needle, one can see not only the Downtown Seattle skyline, but also the Olympic and Cascade Mountains, Mount Rainier, Mount Baker, Elliott Bay and surrounding islands. Photographs of the Seattle skyline often show the Space Needle in a prominent position, even appearing sometimes to tower above the rest of the city's skyscrapers.

This occurs because the Space Needle sits roughly four-fifths of a mile (1.3 km) northwest of these skyscrapers, and photographers must capture the city with the Space Needle in the foreground in order to include both it and the rest of the tall buildings. (This angle offers the added bonus of affording a view of Mount Rainier in the background.) At 60 stories it is not remarkably tall, and it is not as close to the cluster of downtown skyscrapers as one might think judging only from the typical angle from which the skyline photographs are taken.

Visitors can reach the top via elevators that travel at 10 mph (16 km/h). This trip takes 43 seconds and some tourists wait in hour-long lines in order to ascend to the top of the tower. It was designated a historic landmark on April 19, 1999. It is now owned by the privately held Space Needle Corporation.

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United Nations Headquarters Building

Digital ID: gsc 5a24399 Source: intermediary roll film Reproduction Number: LC-G613-T-68977 (interpositive) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (222 kilobytes). Unedited jpg

TITLE: United Nations. From northwest on 1st Ave. CALL NUMBER: LC-G613- 68977 [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-G613-T-68977 (interpositive) No known restrictions on publication. MEDIUM: 1 negative : safety ; 4x5 in. CREATED/PUBLISHED: 1956 Apr. 20.

PART OF: Gottscho-Schleisner Collection (Library of Congress), REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (intermediary roll film) gsc 5a24399 hdl.loc.gov/gsc.5a24399. CARD #: gsc1994006120/PP

Architecture and Interior Design for 20th Century America: Photographs by Samuel Gottscho and William Schleisner, 1935-1955. Images in this collection have been placed in the public domain by the heirs of the photographers.

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Gottscho-Schleisner Collection [please cite the reproduction number, LC-G613-T-68977]

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United Nations Headquarters From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The United Nations Headquarters is a distinctive complex in New York City that has served as the headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1950. It is located in the Turtle Bay neighborhood, on the east side of Midtown Manhattan, on spacious grounds overlooking the East River. Though it is in New York City, the land occupied by the United Nations Headquarters is considered international territory, and its borders are First Avenue west, East 42nd Street south, East 48th Street north and the East River east. FDR Drive passes underneath the Conference Building of the complex.

The United Nations Headquarters were constructed in New York City in 1949 and 1950 beside the East River, on seventeen acres of land purchased from the foremost New York real estate developer of the time, William Zeckendorf. This purchase was arranged by Nelson Rockefeller, after an initial offer of placing it on the Rockefeller family estate of Kykuit was rejected as being too isolated from Manhattan. The $8.5 million purchase was then funded by his father, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., who donated it to the City. The lead architect for the building was the real estate firm of Wallace Harrison, the personal architectural adviser for the family.

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Empire State Building

Digital ID: gsc 5a02105 Source: intermediary roll film Reproduction Number: LC-G612-T01-21095 (b&w film dup. neg.) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (123 kilobytes). Unedited jpg

Architecture and Interior Design for 20th Century America: Photographs by Samuel Gottscho and William Schleisner, 1935-1955. Images in this collection have been placed in the public domain by the heirs of the photographers.

TITLE: Empire State building. From south. CALL NUMBER: LC-G612- 21095 [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-G612-T01-21095 (b&w film dup. neg.) No known restrictions on publication. MEDIUM: 1 negative : safety ; 5x7 in. CREATED/PUBLISHED: 1934 Jan. 8.

PART OF: Gottscho-Schleisner Collection (Library of Congress). REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (intermediary roll film) gsc 5a02105 hdl.loc.gov/gsc.5a02105. CARD #: gsc1994012278/PP

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Gottscho-Schleisner Collection [please cite the reproduction number, LC-G612-T01-21095]

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Digital ID: cph 3b21877 Source: b&w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-74620 (b&w film copy neg.) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Retrieve uncompressed archival TIFF version (1,698 kilobytes). Unedited jpg

TITLE: Empire State Building at night. CALL NUMBER: LOT 5097 [item] [P&P]

REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-74620 (b&w film copy neg.)
No known restrictions on publication. SUMMARY: Bird's-eye view of New York City. MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED, PUBLISHED: c1937.

NOTES: Photo copyrighted by Vincent Lopez. No copyright renewal. This record contains unverified, old data from caption card. Caption card tracings: Geogr.; Lighting.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3b21877 hdl.loc.gov/cph.3b21877, CARD #: 2003677456

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [reproduction number, LC-USZ62-74620]

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The Empire State Building in New York City, taken from 5th Avenue. August 2007 I, the copyright holder (Gryffindor) of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwide. In case this is not legally possible: I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law. High Resolution Image (1200 × 1600 pixel, file size: 369 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)

Empire State Building From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in New York City, New York on the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. Its name is derived from the nickname for the state of New York. It stood as the world's tallest building for more than forty years, from its completion in 1931 until the construction of the World Trade Center North Tower topped out on December 23, 1970. It is now once again the tallest building in New York, after the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

The Empire State Building has been named by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and confirmed by the New York City Board of Estimate. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. The building is owned by Harold Helmsley's company and managed by its management/leasing division Helmsley-Spear.

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Brooklyn Bridge

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I took these pictures and stitched them together my self. High Resolution Image (6699 × 800 pixel, file size: 1.04 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg)

View looking SE from Manhattan shore at twilight. Jet Lowe, photographer, 1982. HAER NY,31-NEYO,90-14. No known restrictions on publication. Brooklyn Bridge, Spanning East River between Park Row, Manhattan and Sands Street, Brooklyn, New York, New York County, NY

VIEW LOOKING NORTH WITH FORMER BROOKLYN FERRY SLIP IN FOREGROUND ny79 TITLE: Historic American Buildings Survey Collection. CALL NUMBER: Guide Record [P&P]. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: _ _ _ _ _ No known restrictions on publication.

SUMMARY: This expanding collection documents almost 30,000 structures and sites through large-format photographs, measured drawings, and written historical reports. Included are architecturally significant and vernacular examples of public, commercial, and private buildings throughout the United States and its territories.

The Historic American Buildings Survey began in 1933 as a WPA program, the result of a tripartite agreement among the American Institute of Architects, which designed and established standards for official documentation, the National Park Service, which administers the creation of the documenttation, and the Library of Congress, which houses, maintains, and serves the collection to the public.

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division.

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Brooklyn Bridge, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Brooklyn Bridge, one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States, stretches 5,989 feet (1825 m) over the East River connecting the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. On completion, it was the largest suspension bridge in the world and the first steel-wire suspension bridge.

Originally referred to as the New York and Brooklyn Bridge, it was dubbed the Brooklyn Bridge in an 1867 letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Since its opening, it has become an iconic part of the New York skyline. In 1964 it was designated a National Historic Landmark

Construction began in January 3, 1870. The Brooklyn Bridge was completed thirteen years later and was opened for use on May 24, 1883. On that first day, a total of 1,800 vehicles and 150,300 people crossed. The bridge's main span over the East River is 1,595 feet 6 inches (486.3 m).

The bridge cost $15.1 million to build and approximately 27 people died during its construction. A week after the opening, on May 30, a rumor that the Bridge was going to break down caused a stampede which crushed and then killed twelve people.

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Transamerica Pyramid

Information presented on this website (U.S. Department of the Interior - U.S. Geological Survey) is considered public information (unless otherwise noted) and may be distributed or copied. Use of appropriate byline/photo/image credit is requested The Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco, built to withstand earthquakes, swayed more than 1 foot but was not damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake

Exterior view of 600 Montgomery St. (photo by Dan Radulescu) U.S. Geological Survey Transamerica Pyramid From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Transamerica Pyramid is the tallest and most recognizable skyscraper in the San Francisco skyline

Built on the location of the historic Montgomery Block, it has a structural height of 260 meters (853 feet) and contains 48 floors of retail and office space. Construction began in 1969 and finished in 1972. It is currently ranked as the 88th tallest building in the world.

Its unique shape is the result of the desire by Transamerica to have a building whose top would be looked up to by the excutives on the highest floor of the Bank of America building, which is not only tall but also sits upon a substantially higher elevation.

The land use and zoning restrictions for the parcel limited the number of square feet of office that could be built upon the lot, which sits at the northern boundary of the financial district. The pyramid is an innovative solution to this design challenge, and when viewed from the East Bay forms a prominent and unique skyline projection, forming an important element of San Francisco's "signature skyline".

Although it no longer houses the headquarters of the Transamerica Corporation, it is still strongly associated with the company and is depicted in the company's logo. The building is evocative of San Francisco and has become one of the many symbols of the city.

Designed by architect William Pereira, it faced considerable opposition during its planning and construction, and was sometimes referred to by detractors as "Pereira's Prick". In 1999, Transamerica was acquired by Dutch insurance company AEGON. When the non-insurance operations of Transamerica were later sold to GE Capital, AEGON retained the building as an investment.

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Sputnik: 50th Anniversary

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Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age, History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball, weighed only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race.

The story begins in 1952, when the International Council of Scientific Unions decided to establish July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958, as the International Geophysical Year (IGY) because the scientists knew that the cycles of solar activity would be at a high point then. In October 1954, the council adopted a resolution calling for artificial satellites to be launched during the IGY to map the Earth's surface.

In July 1955, the White House announced plans to launch an Earth-orbiting satellite for the IGY and solicited proposals from various Government research agencies to undertake development. In September 1955, the Naval Research Laboratory's Vanguard proposal was chosen to represent the U.S. during the IGY.

The Sputnik launch changed everything. As a technical achievement, Sputnik caught the world's attention and the American public off-guard. Its size was more impressive than Vanguard's intended 3.5-pound payload. In addition, the public feared that the Soviets' ability to launch satellites also translated into the capability to launch ballistic missiles that could carry nuclear weapons from Europe to the U.S. Then the Soviets struck again; on November 3, Sputnik II was launched, carrying a much heavier payload, including a dog named Laika.

Immediately after the Sputnik I launch in October, the U.S. Defense Department responded to the political furor by approving funding for another U.S. satellite project. As a simultaneous alternative to Vanguard, Wernher von Braun and his Army Redstone Arsenal team began work on the Explorer project.

On January 31, 1958, the tide changed, when the United States successfully launched Explorer I. This satellite carried a small scientific payload that eventually discovered the magnetic radiation belts around the Earth, named after principal investigator James Van Allen. The Explorer program continued as a successful ongoing series of lightweight, scientifically useful spacecraft.

The Sputnik launch also led directly to the creation of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In July 1958, Congress passed the National Aeronautics and Space Act (commonly called the "Space Act"), which created NASA as of October 1, 1958 from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and other government agencies.

RELATED: Countdown to Sputnik’s 50th Anniversary

Lincoln Memorial and Nano tool to measure how environmental exposures affect health

Lincoln Memorial

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The building (archtect: Henry Beacon) was constructed in the style of a classical greek temple with 36 columns meant to represent the Union at the time of Abraham Lincoln's death .

On the North wall, the 16th president's second inaugural address; on the South wall the Gettysburg address. Above the statue the words: "In this Temple, as in the hearts of the people, for whom he saved the Union, the memory of Abraham Lincoln is enshrined forever". The Lincoln Memorial

The Lincoln Memorial is a memorial to Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. Lincoln Memorial

The Memorial to Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) was constructed as a monumental commemoration of the sixteenth President, who saw the nation through a divisive war and preserved the union. While the statue contained within is one of the best known public sculptures in the United States, the prominent setting and classical-revival design of the building have combined to produce an American icon, the location of celebrations and demonstrations. Lincoln Memorial

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The White House

The North façade of the White House, completed in 1824, located on 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. Date 12:29 P.M., 6 July 2007 High Resolution Image (2597 × 1735 pixel, file size: 545 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)

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White House Facts

For two hundred years, the White House has stood as a symbol of the Presidency, the United States government, and the American people. Its history, and the history of the nation’s capital, began when President George Washington signed an Act of Congress in December of 1790 declaring that the federal government would reside in a district "not exceeding ten miles square…on the river Potomac."

President Washington, together with city planner Pierre L’Enfant, chose the site for the new residence, which is now 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. As preparations began for the new federal city, a competition was held to find a builder of the "President’s House." Nine proposals were submitted, and Irish-born architect James Hoban won a gold medal for his practical and handsome design. White House Facts

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Halloween Ghost Boo, Le fantôme

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There appear to have been four major holy days celebrated by the Paleopagan Druids, possibly throughout the Celtic territories: Samhain, Oimelc, Beltane & Lughnasadh (in one set of Irish-based modern spellings). Four additional holy (or “High”) days (Winter Solstice or “Midwinter,” Spring Equinox, Summer Solstice or “Midsummer,” and Fall Equinox), which are based on Germanic or other Indo-European cultures, are also celebrated in the Neopagan Druid calendar, along with others based on mainstream holidays history of Halloween

The history of Halloween goes back more than 2,000 years. The earliest celebrations of Halloween were among the Celtic people who lived in the areas which are now Great Britain and Northern France.

The Celts were people who worshiped the beauty of nature. They worshiped a Sun God and believed that without him, they would not live. They also worshipped Samhain who was the lord of the dead and of the cold, dark winter season. They believed that on October 31 Samhain would call together all of the dead and these souls would take on the shape of an animal. They believed that all creatures wandered the Earth on that night. This was called the Vigil of Samhain. Halloween (history)

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Halloween Night Pumpkin and Witch

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Halloween From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Halloween, or Hallowe'en, is a holiday celebrated on the night of October 31. Traditional activities include trick-or-treating, costume parties, viewing horror films, visiting "haunted houses", and participating in traditional autumn activities such as hayrides (which may have "haunted" themes).

Halloween originated under the name of Samhain as a Pagan festival among the Celts of Ireland and Great Britain. Irish and Scottish immigrants carried versions of the tradition to North America in the nineteenth century. Other western countries have embraced the holiday as a part of American pop culture in the late twentieth century.

Halloween is now celebrated in parts of the western world, most commonly in Ireland, the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom and sometimes in Australia and New Zealand. In recent years, the holiday has also been celebrated in parts of Western Europe.

The term Halloween (and its older rendering Hallowe'en) is shortened from All-hallow-even, as it is the evening of/before "All Hallows' Day"[1], also known as "All Saints' Day". It was a day of religious festivities in various northern European Pagan traditions[citation needed], until Popes Gregory III and Gregory IV moved the old Christian feast of All Saints' Day from May 13 to November 1. In the ninth century, the Church measured the day as starting at sunset, in accordance with the Florentine calendar.

Although we now consider All Saints' (or Hallows') Day to occur one day after Halloween, the two holidays were, at that time, celebrated on the same day. Liturgically, the Church traditionally celebrated that day as the Vigil of All Saints, and, until 1970, a day of fasting as well. Like other vigils, it was celebrated on the previous day if it fell on a Sunday, although secular celebrations of the holiday remained on the 31st. The Vigil was suppressed in 1955, but was later restored in the post-Vatican II calendar.

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Stonehenge

TITLE: [Stonehenge, Salisbury, England] CALL NUMBER: LOT 13415, no. 841 [item] [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-ppmsc-08828 (digital file from original) No known restrictions on publication.

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Stonehenge From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury. One of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. Archaeologists believe the standing stones were erected around 2200 BC and the surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC.

The site and its surroundings were added to the UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 in a co-listing with Avebury henge monument, and it is also a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument. Stonehenge itself is owned by the State and managed by English Heritage while the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust.

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Toronto Canada CN Tower

Setting the free standing, land record for the world's tallest structure, measuring 553.33 meters (1,815 feet, 5 inches), the CN Tower is Toronto's most visible landmark and arguably its most celebrated tourist destination. 2006 marks its 30th anniversary. This view looks WNW. High Resolution Image (533 × 800 pixel, file size: 328 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)

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CN Tower From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The CN Tower, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is a communications and tourist tower standing 553.33 metres (1,815 ft 5 in) tall. From its completion in 1976 until 2007, it was the world's tallest free-standing structure on land. On September 12, 2007, the Burj Dubai became the world's tallest free-standing structure even though it has not yet been completed. The Tower is the signature icon of the city, attracting more than two million international visitors annually.

CN originally referred to Canadian National, the railway company that built the tower. Following the railway's decision to divest non-core freight railway assets, prior to the company's privatization in 1995, the CN Tower was transferred to the Canada Lands Company (CLC), a federal Crown corporation responsible for real estate development. Since local residents wished to retain the name CN Tower, the abbreviation is now said to expand to Canada's National Tower rather than the original Canadian National Tower; however, neither of these are commonly used.

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