Space the Final Frontier, Saturn, Dione

Target Name: Dione, Is a satellite of: Saturn, Mission: Cassini, Spacecraft: Cassini Orbiter, Instrument: Imaging Science Subsystem - Narrow Angle, Product Size: 448 samples x 448 lines, Produced By: Cassini Imaging Team.

Primary Data Set: Cassini, Full-Res JPEG: PIA07688.jpg (15.43 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: The leading hemisphere of Dione displays subtle variations in color across its surface in this false color view.

To create this view, ultraviolet, green and infrared images were combined into a single black and white picture that isolates and maps regional color differences. This "color map" was then superposed over a clear-filter image. The origin of the color differences is not yet understood, but may be caused by subtle differences in the surface composition or the sizes of grains making up the icy soil.

Terrain visible here is on the moon's leading hemisphere. North on Dione (1,126 kilometers, or 700 miles across) is up and rotated 17 degrees to the right.

See PIA07687 for a similar monochrome view.

All images were acquired with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Dec. 24, 2005 at a distance of approximately 597,000 kilometers (371,000 miles) from Dione and at a Sun-Dione-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 21 degrees. Image scale is 4 kilometers (2 miles) per pixel.

The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.

For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit saturn.jpl.nasa.gov. The Cassini imaging team homepage is at ciclops.org.

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute

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Space the Final Frontier, Saturn

Target Name: Saturn, Is a satellite of: Sol (our sun), Mission: Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Spacecraft: Hubble Space Telescope, Instrument: Wide Field Planetary Camera 2,

Product Size: 3000 samples x 1500 lines, Produced By: Space Telescope Science Institute, Producer ID: STSCI-PRC01-15A, Addition Date: 2001-07-21, Primary Data Set: Space Telescope Science Institute, Full-Res JPEG: PIA03158.jpg (120 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: Looming like a giant flying saucer in our outer solar system, Saturn puts on a show as the planet and its magnificent ring system nod majestically over the course of its 29-year journey around the Sun. A series of Hubble Space Telescope images, captured from 1996 to 2000, show Saturn's rings open up from just past edge-on to nearly fully open as it moves from autumn towards winter in its Northern Hemisphere (for the composite view of all images see PIA03156.

Saturn's equator is tilted relative to its orbit by 27 degrees, very similar to the 23-degree tilt of the Earth. As Saturn moves along its orbit, first one hemisphere, then the other is tilted towards the Sun. This cyclical change causes seasons on Saturn, just as the changing orientation of Earth's tilt causes seasons on our planet. The first image in this sequence, on the lower left, was taken soon after the autumnal equinox in Saturn's Northern Hemisphere (which is the same as the spring equinox in its Southern Hemisphere). By the final image in the sequence, on the upper right, the tilt is nearing its extreme, or winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere (summer solstice in the Southern Hemisphere).

Astronomers are studying this set of images to investigate the detailed variations in the color and brightness of the rings. They hope to learn more about the rings' composition, how they were formed, and how long they might last. Saturn's rings are incredibly thin, with a thickness of only about 30 feet (10 meters). The rings are made of dusty water ice, in the form of boulder-sized and smaller chunks that gently collide with each other as they orbit around Saturn. Saturn's gravitational field constantly disrupts these ice chunks, keeping them spread out and preventing them from combining to form a moon. The rings, as shown here, have a slight pale reddish color due to the presence of organic material mixed with the water ice.

Saturn is about 75,000 miles (120,000 km) across, and is flattened at the poles because of its very rapid rotation. A day is only 10 hours long on Saturn. Strong winds account for the horizontal bands in the atmosphere of this giant gas planet. The delicate color variations in the clouds are due to smog in the upper atmosphere, produced when ultraviolet radiation from the Sun shines on methane gas. Deeper in the atmosphere, the visible clouds and gases merge gradually into hotter and denser gases, with no solid surface for visiting spacecraft to land on.

The Cassini/Huygens spacecraft, launched from Earth in 1997, is well on its way to the Saturn system. It will arrive in 2004 to land a probe on Titan, Saturn's largest moon, and to orbit the planet for four years for a detailed study of the entire Saturn system.

These images of Saturn were taken with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 onboard Hubble.

Image Credit: NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)Acknowledgment: R.G. French (Wellesley College), J. Cuzzi (NASA/Ames), L. Dones (SwRI), and J. Lissauer (NASA/Ames)

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Space the Final Frontier Moon Jupiter Europa 2

+sookie texSpace the Final Frontier Moon Jupiter Europa 2. Public Domain Clip Art Stock Photos and Images.

Jupiter's moon Europa is seen at the right, casting a shadow on the planet. Scientists believe Europa holds promise of a liquid ocean beneath its surface.

Target Name: Jupiter, Is a satellite of: Sol (our sun), Mission: Cassini, Spacecraft: Cassini Orbiter, Instrument: Imaging Science Subsystem - Narrow Angle, Product Size: 717 samples x 462 lines.

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied. Image Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona

Moon Jupiter Europa



Moon Jupiter Europa 2

Produced By: University of Arizona, Primary Data Set: Cassini,

Original Caption Released with Image: This color image of Jupiter was taken by the camera onboard NASA's Cassini spacecraft when it was 81.3 million kilometers (50.5 million miles) from the planet. It is composed of images taken in the blue, green, and red regions of the spectrum and is therefore close to the true color of Jupiter that one would see through an Earth-based telescope.

The image is remarkably similar to images taken by NASA's Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft more than 21 years ago, illustrating the stability of Jupiter's weather patterns. The parallel dark and bright bands and many other large-scale features are quasi-permanent structures that survive despite the intense small-scale activity ongoing in the atmosphere. The longevity of the large-scale features is an intrinsic property of the atmospheric flows on a gaseous planet such as Jupiter, with no solid surface. Smaller features, such as those in the dark bands north and south of the equator, are observed to form and disappear in a few days.

Everything visible on the planet is a cloud. Unlike Earth, where only water condenses to form clouds, Jupiter has several cloud-forming substances in its atmosphere. The updrafts and downdrafts bring different mixtures of these substances up from below, leading to clouds of different colors. The bluish features just north of the equator are regions of reduced cloud cover, similar to the place where the Galileo atmospheric probe entered in 1995. They are called "hot spots" because the reduced cloud cover allows heat to escape from warmer, deeper levels in the atmosphere.

Cassini is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Calif., manages the Cassini mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C.

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Space the Final Frontier, Jupiter, Rings

Target Name: J Rings, Is a satellite of: Jupiter, Mission: Galileo, Spacecraft: Galileo Orbiter, Instrument: Solid-State Imaging, Product Size: 2560 samples x 1920 lines,

Produced By: Cornell University, Producer ID: P50086MRPS91802. Addition Date: 1998-09-15 Primary Data Set: Galileo EDRs, Full-Res JPEG: PIA01627.jpg (196.2 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: This schematic cut-away view of the components of Jupiter's ring system shows the geometry of the rings in relation to Jupiter and to the small inner satellites, which are the source of the dust which forms the rings.

The Formation of Jupiter's Ring System, The innermost and thickest ring, shown in gray shading, is the halo that ends at the main ring. The thin, narrow main ring, shown with red shading, is bounded by the 16- kilometer-wide (10-miles) satellite Adrastea and shows a marked decrease in brightness near the orbit of Jupiter's innermost moon, Metis. It is composed of fine particles knocked off Adrastea and Metis.

Although the orbits of Adrastea and Metis are about 1,000 kilometers (about 600 miles) apart, that separation is not depicted in this drawing. Impacts by small meteoroids (fragments of asteroids and comets) into these small, low-gravity satellites feed material into the rings. Thebe and Amalthea, the next two satellites in increasing distance from Jupiter, supply dust which forms the thicker, disk-like "gossamer" rings. The gossamer rings, depicted with yellow and green shading, are thicker because the source satellites orbit Jupiter on inclined paths

Satellite Interactions with Jupiter's Ring System, These small satellites all orbit closer to Jupiter than the four largest Galilean satellites, Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, which were discovered nearly 400 years ago. The orbital distances of the moons are drawn relative to the size of Jupiter.

The Jupiter image was created from a map based on data obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope. JPL manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. The images are posted on the Internet at photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/ and at galileo.jpl.nasa.gov/. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at: jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo .

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied.

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Space the Final Frontier, Jupiter, Io

Target Name: Io, Is a satellite of: Jupiter, Mission: Voyager, Spacecraft: Voyager 1, Product Size: 1700, samples x 1500 lines, Produced By: JPL, Producer ID: 260464, Addition Date: 2000-06-08.

Primary Data Set: Voyager EDRs, Full-Res JPEG: PIA02294.jpg (145.5 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: Perhaps the most spectacular of all the Voyager photos of Io is this mosaic obtained by Voyager 1 on March 5 at a range of 400,000 kilometers. A great variety of color and albedo is seen on the surface, now thought to be the result of surface deposits of various forms of sulfur and sulfur dioxide. The two great volcanoes Pele and Loki (upper left) are prominent

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied.

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Space the Final Frontier, Jupiter, Ganymede

Target Name: Ganymede, Is a satellite of: Jupiter, Mission: Galileo, Spacecraft: Galileo Orbiter, Instrument: Solid-State, Imaging, Product Size: 687 samples x 687 lines, Produced By: DLR (German Aerospace Center), Producer ID: MRPS94229, Addition Date: 1999-01-18.

Primary Data Set: Galileo EDRs, Full-Res JPEG: PIA01666.jpg (47.68 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image:
In this global view of Ganymede's trailing side, the colors are enhanced to emphasize color differences. The enhancement reveals frosty polar caps in addition to the two predominant terrains on Ganymede, bright, grooved terrain and older, dark furrowed areas. Many craters with diameters up to several dozen kilometers are visible. The violet hues at the poles may be the result of small particles of frost which would scatter more light at shorter wavelengths (the violet end of the spectrum). Ganymede's magnetic field, which was detected by the magnetometer on NASA's Galileo spacecraft in 1996, may be partly responsible for the appearance of the polar terrain. Compared to Earth's polar caps, Ganymede's polar terrain is relatively vast. The frost on Ganymede reaches latitudes as low as 40 degrees on average and 25 degrees at some locations. For comparison with Earth, Miami, Florida lies at 26 degrees north latitude, and Berlin, Germany is located at 52 degrees north.

North is to the top of the picture. The composite, which combines images taken with green, violet, and 1 micrometer filters, is centered at 306 degrees west longitude. The resolution is 9 kilometers (6 miles) per picture element. The images were taken on 29 March 1998 at a range of 918000 kilometers (570,000 miles) by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft.

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.

This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at URLjpl.nasa.gov/galileo/

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied.

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Space the Final Frontier, Jupiter, Europa

Target Name: Europa, Is a satellite of: Jupiter, Mission: Voyager, Spacecraft: Voyager 1, Instrument: Imaging Science Subsystem - Narrow Angle, Product Size: 450 samples x 450 lines,

Produced By: JPL, Producer ID: P21196, Addition Date: 1999-06-16,
Primary Data Set: Voyager EDRs, Full-Res JPEG: PIA01970.jpg (9.707 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: View of Europa taken from a range of 2,869,252 kilometers (1.6 million miles) on March 2 at 2:00 PM. The color composite is made from three black and white images taken through the orange, green and violet filters. The 170 longitude is at the center of the picture; this is the face away from Jupiter.

Irregular dark and bright patches on the surface are different from the patterns on the other satellites of Jupiter and those on the Moon, Mars and Mercury. Dark intersecting lines may be faults that break the crust. JPL manages and controls the Voyager Project for NASA's Office of Space Science.

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied.

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Space the Final Frontier, Jupiter, Callisto

Target Name: Callisto, Is a satellite of: Jupiter, Mission: Galileo, Spacecraft: Galileo Orbiter, Instrument: Solid-State Imaging, Product Size: 740 samples x 753 lines, Produced By:DLR (German Aerospace Center).

Primary Data Set: Galileo EDRs, Full-Res JPEG: PIA03456.jpg (73.69 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image:
Bright scars on a darker surface testify to a long history of impacts on Jupiter's moon Callisto in this image of Callisto from NASA's Galileo spacecraft.

The picture, taken in May 2001, is the only complete global color image of Callisto obtained by Galileo, which has been orbiting Jupiter since December 1995. Of Jupiter's four largest moons, Callisto orbits farthest from the giant planet.

Callisto's surface is uniformly cratered but is not uniform in color or brightness. Scientists believe the brighter areas are mainly ice and the darker areas are highly eroded, ice-poor material.

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. Additional information about the spacecraft and its discoveries is available on the Galileo home page at galileo.jpl.nasa.gov .

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied.

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Space the Final Frontier, Jupiter and moons

Target Name: Jupiter, Is a satellite of: Sol (our sun), Mission: Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Spacecraft: Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Instrument: Mars Orbiter Camera, Product Size: 4655 samples x 961 lines, Produced By: Malin Space Science Systems, Producer ID: MOC2-368, Full-Res JPEG: PIA04532.jpg (76.11 kB)

Jupiter/Galilean Satellites: When Galileo first turned his telescope toward Jupiter four centuries ago, he saw that the giant planet had four large satellites, or moons. These, the largest of dozens of moons that orbit Jupiter, later became known as the Galilean satellites. The larger two, Callisto and Ganymede, are roughly the size of the planet Mercury; the smallest, Io and Europa, are approximately the size of Earth's Moon. This MGS MOC image, obtained from Mars orbit on 8 May 2003, shows Jupiter and three of the four Galilean satellites: Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa. At the time, Io was behind Jupiter as seen from Mars, and Jupiter's giant red spot had rotated out of view. This image has been specially processed to show both Jupiter and its satellites, since Jupiter, at an apparent magnitude of -1.8, was much brighter than the three satellites.

A note about the coloring process: The MGS MOC high resolution camera only takes grayscale (black-and-white) images. To "colorize" the image, a recent Cassini image acquired during its Jupiter flyby was used to color the MOC Jupiter picture. The procedure used was as follows: the Cassini color image was converted from 24-bit color to 8-bit color using a JPEG to GIF conversion program. The 8-bit color image was converted to 8-bit grayscale and an associated lookup table mapping each gray value of that image to a red-green-blue color triplet (RGB). Each color triplet was root-sum-squared (RSS), and sorted in increasing RSS value. These sorted lists were brightness-to-color maps for their respective images. Each brightness-to-color map was then used to convert the 8-bit grayscale MOC image to an 8-bit color image. This 8-bit color image was then converted to a 24-bit color image. The color image was edited to return the background to black. Jupiter's Galilean Satellites were not colored.

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems

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Space the Final Frontier, Jupiter

Target Name: Jupiter, Is a satellite of: Sol (our sun), Mission: Cassini, Spacecraft: Cassini Orbiter,

Instrument: Imaging Science Subsystem, Product Size: 1920 samples x 1080 lines, Produced By: CICLOPS / University of Arizona. Primary Data Set: Cassini, Full-Res JPEG: PIA02873.jpg (76.68 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: This true-color simulated view of Jupiter is composed of 4 images taken by NASA's Cassini spacecraft on December 7, 2000. To illustrate what Jupiter would have looked like if the cameras had a field-of-view large enough to capture the entire planet, the cylindrical map was projected onto a globe. The resolution is about 144 kilometers (89 miles) per pixel. Jupiter's moon Europa is casting the shadow on the planet.

Cassini is a cooperative mission of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages Cassini for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C.

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona

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Space the Final Frontier, Mars Moons 2

Target Name: Mars, Is a satellite of: Sol (our sun), Mission: Mars Exploration Rover (MER), Spacecraft: Spirit, Instrument: Panoramic Camera, Product Size: 1091 samples x 1161 lines, Produced By: Cornell University.

Full-Res JPEG: PIA06340.jpg (134.9 kB) Annotated animation of PIA06340, Two Moons and the Pleiades from Mars.

Taking advantage of extra solar energy collected during the day, NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit recently settled in for an evening of stargazing, photographing the two moons of Mars as they crossed the night sky. In this view, the Pleiades, a star cluster also known as the "Seven Sisters," is visible in the lower left corner. The bright star Aldebaran and some of the stars in the constellation Taurus are visible on the right. Spirit acquired this image the evening of martian day, or sol, 590 (Aug. 30, 2005). The image on the right provides an enhanced-contrast view with annotation. Within the enhanced halo of light is an insert of an unsaturated view of Phobos taken a few images later in the same sequence.

"It is incredibly cool to be running an observatory on another planet," said planetary scientist Jim Bell of Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., lead scientist for the panoramic cameras on Spirit and Opportunity. In the annotated animation (figure 2), both martian moons, Deimos on the left and Phobos on the right, travel across the night sky in front of the constellation Sagittarius. Part of Sagittarius resembles an upside-down teapot. In this view, Phobos moves toward the handle and Deimos moves toward the lid. Phobos is the brighter object on the right; Deimos is on the left. Each of the stars in Sagittarius is labeled with its formal name. The inset shows an enlarged, enhanced view of Phobos, shaped rather like a potato with a hole near one end. The hole is the large impact creater Stickney, visible on the moon's upper right limb.

On Mars, Phobos would be easily visible to the naked eye at night, but would be only about one-third as large as the full Moon appears from Earth. Astronauts staring at Phobos from the surface of Mars would notice its oblong, potato-like shape and that it moves quickly against the background stars. Phobos takes only 7 hours, 39 minutes to complete one orbit of Mars. That is so fast, relative to the 24-hour-and-39-minute sol on Mars (the length of time it takes for Mars to complete one rotation), that Phobos rises in the west and sets in the east. Earth's moon, by comparison, rises in the east and sets in the west. The smaller martian moon, Deimos, takes 30 hours, 12 minutes to complete one orbit of Mars. That orbital period is longer than a martian sol, and so Deimos rises, like most solar system moons, in the east and sets in the west.

Scientists will use images of the two moons to better map their orbital positions, learn more about their composition, and monitor the presence of nighttime clouds or haze. Spirit took the five images that make up this composite with the panoramic camera, using the camera's broadband filter, which was designed specifically for acquiring images under low-light conditions.

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell/Texas A&M

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Space the Final Frontier, Mars Moons

Target Name: Mars, Is a satellite of: Sol (our sun), Mission: Mars Exploration Rover (MER), Spacecraft: Spirit, Instrument: Panoramic Camera, Product Size: 1091 samples x 1161 lines, Produced By: Cornell University.

Full-Res JPEG: PIA06340.jpg (134.9 kB)

Taking advantage of extra solar energy collected during the day, NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit recently settled in for an evening of stargazing, photographing the two moons of Mars as they crossed the night sky. In this view, the Pleiades, a star cluster also known as the "Seven Sisters," is visible in the lower left corner. The bright star Aldebaran and some of the stars in the constellation Taurus are visible on the right. Spirit acquired this image the evening of martian day, or sol, 590 (Aug. 30, 2005). The image on the right provides an enhanced-contrast view with annotation. Within the enhanced halo of light is an insert of an unsaturated view of Phobos taken a few images later in the same sequence.

"It is incredibly cool to be running an observatory on another planet," said planetary scientist Jim Bell of Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., lead scientist for the panoramic cameras on Spirit and Opportunity. In the annotated animation (figure 2), both martian moons, Deimos on the left and Phobos on the right, travel across the night sky in front of the constellation Sagittarius. Part of Sagittarius resembles an upside-down teapot. In this view, Phobos moves toward the handle and Deimos moves toward the lid. Phobos is the brighter object on the right; Deimos is on the left. Each of the stars in Sagittarius is labeled with its formal name. The inset shows an enlarged, enhanced view of Phobos, shaped rather like a potato with a hole near one end. The hole is the large impact creater Stickney, visible on the moon's upper right limb.

On Mars, Phobos would be easily visible to the naked eye at night, but would be only about one-third as large as the full Moon appears from Earth. Astronauts staring at Phobos from the surface of Mars would notice its oblong, potato-like shape and that it moves quickly against the background stars. Phobos takes only 7 hours, 39 minutes to complete one orbit of Mars. That is so fast, relative to the 24-hour-and-39-minute sol on Mars (the length of time it takes for Mars to complete one rotation), that Phobos rises in the west and sets in the east. Earth's moon, by comparison, rises in the east and sets in the west. The smaller martian moon, Deimos, takes 30 hours, 12 minutes to complete one orbit of Mars. That orbital period is longer than a martian sol, and so Deimos rises, like most solar system moons, in the east and sets in the west.

Scientists will use images of the two moons to better map their orbital positions, learn more about their composition, and monitor the presence of nighttime clouds or haze. Spirit took the five images that make up this composite with the panoramic camera, using the camera's broadband filter, which was designed specifically for acquiring images under low-light conditions.

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell/Texas A&M

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Space the Final Frontier, Mars 2

Target Name: Mars, Is a satellite of: Sol (our sun), Mission: Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Spacecraft: Hubble Space Telescope, Instrument: Wide Field Planetary Camera 2, Product Size: 800 samples x 525 lines.

Producer ID: STSCI-PRC95-17A, Addition Date: 1998-05-02. Primary Data Set: Space Telescope Science Institute, Full-Res JPEG: PIA01252.jpg (45.74 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: These NASA Hubble Space Telescope views provide the most detailed complete global coverage of the red planet Mars ever seen from Earth. The pictures were taken on February 25, 1995, when Mars was at a distance of 65 million miles (103 million km).
To the surprise of researchers, Mars is cloudier than seen in previous years. This means the planet is cooler and drier, because water vapor in the atmosphere freezes out to form ice-crystal clouds. Hubble resolves Martian surface features with a level of detail only exceeded by planetary probes, such as impact craters and other features as small as 30 miles (50 kilometers) across.

[Tharsis region] - A crescent-shaped cloud just right of center identifies the immense shield volcano Olympus Mons, which is 340 miles (550 km) across at its base. Warm afternoon air pushed up over the summit forms ice-crystal clouds downwind from the volcano. Farther to the east (right) a line of clouds forms over a row of three extinct volcanoes which are from north to south: Ascraeus Mons, Pavonis Mons, Arsia Mons. It's part of an unusual, recurring "W"-shaped cloud formation that once mystified earlier ground-based observers.

[Valles Marineris region] - The 16 mile-high volcano Ascraeus Mons pokes through the cloud deck along the western (left) limb of the planet. Other interesting geologic features include (lower left) Valles Marineris, an immense rift valley the length of the continental United States. Near the image center lies the Chryse basin made up of cratered and chaotic terrain. The oval-looking Argyre impact basin (bottom) appears white due to clouds or frost.

[Syrtis Major region] - The dark "shark fin" feature left of center is Syrtis Major. Below it the giant impact basin Hellas. Clouds cover several great volcanos in the Elysium region near the eastern (right) limb. As clearly seen in the Hubble images, past dust storms in Mars' southern hemisphere have scoured the plains of fine light dust and transported the dust northward. This leaves behind a relatively coarser, and less reflective sand in, predominantly, the southern hemisphere.

The pictures were taken with Hubble's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2.

This image and other images and data received from the Hubble Space Telescope are posted on the World Wide Web on the Space Telescope Science Institute home page at URL oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied.

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Space the Final Frontier, Mars

Target Name: Mars, Is a satellite of: Sol (our sun), Mission: Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Spacecraft: Hubble Space Telescope, Instrument: Wide Field Planetary Camera 2, Product Size: 500 samples x 500 lines, Produced By: Space Telescope, Science Institute, Producer ID: STSCI-PRC01-24, Addition Date: 2001-07-21.

Primary Data Set: Space Telescope Science Institute, Full-Res JPEG: PIA03154.jpg (17.85 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: Frosty white water ice clouds and swirling orange dust storms above a vivid rusty landscape reveal Mars as a dynamic planet in this sharpest view ever obtained by an Earth-based telescope.

NASA's Earth-orbiting Hubble Space Telescope took the picture on June 26, when Mars was approximately 43 million miles (68 million km) from Earth -- the closest Mars has ever been to Earth since 1988. Hubble can see details as small as 10 miles (16 km) across. The colors have been carefully balanced to give a realistic view of Mars' hues as they might appear through a telescope.

Especially striking is the large amount of seasonal dust storm activity seen in this image. One large storm system is churning high above the northern polar cap [top of image], and a smaller dust storm cloud can be seen nearby. Another large dust storm is spilling out of the giant Hellas impact basin in the Southern Hemisphere [lower right].

Hubble has observed Mars before, but never in such detail. The biennial close approaches of Mars and Earth are not all the same. Mars' orbit around the Sun is markedly elliptical; the close approaches to Earth can range from 35 million to 63 million miles.

Astronomers are interested in studying the changeable surface and weather conditions on Mars, in part, to help plan for a pair of NASA missions to land rovers on the planet's surface in 2004.

The Mars opposition of 2001 serves as a prelude for 2003 when Mars and Earth will come within 35 million miles of each other, the closest since 1924 and not to be matched until 2287.

Image Credit: NASA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)Acknowledgment: J. Bell (Cornell U.), P. James (U. Toledo), M. Wolff (Space Science Institute), A. Lubenow (STScI), J. Neubert (MIT/Cornell)

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied.

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Space the Final Frontier, Earth

Target Name: Earth, Is a satellite of: Sol (our sun), Mission: Galileo, Spacecraft: Galileo Orbiter, Instrument: Solid-State, Imaging, Product Size: 800 samples x 800 lines, Produced By: JPL, Producer ID: P37382, Addition Date: 1996-01-29.

Primary Data Set: Galileo EDRs, Full-Res JPEG: PIA00076.jpg (34.9 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: This color image of the Earth was obtained by the Galileo spacecraft on Dec. 11, 1990, when the spacecraft was about 1.5 million miles from the Earth. The color composite used images taken through the red, green and violet filters.

Africa stretches from the center to the top of the picture with the Arabian Peninsula off to its right. The white, sunlit continent of Antarctica is at the bottom. This is a frame of the Galileo Earth spin movie, a 500-frame time-lapse motion picture showing a 25-hour period of Earth's rotation and atmospheric dynamics.

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied

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Space the Final Frontier, Earth and Moon

Target Name: Earth, Is a satellite of: Sol (our sun), Mission: Galileo, Spacecraft: Galileo Orbiter, Instrument: Solid-State Imaging, Product Size: 1700 samples x 2164 lines, Produced By: U.S. Geological Survey, Addition Date: 1998-06-04. Primary Data Set: Galileo EDRs, Full-Res JPEG: PIA00342.jpg (262.2 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: During its flight, the Galileo spacecraft returned images of the Earth and Moon. Separate images of the Earth and Moon were combined to generate this view. The Galileo spacecraft took the images in 1992 on its way to explore the Jupiter system in 1995-97. The image shows a partial view of the Earth centered on the Pacific Ocean about latitude 20 degrees south. The west coast of South America can be observed as well as the Caribbean; swirling white cloud patterns indicate storms in the southeast Pacific.

The distinct bright ray crater at the bottom of the Moon is the Tycho impact basin. The lunar dark areas are lava rock filled impact basins. This picture contains same scale and relative color/albedo images of the Earth and Moon. False colors via use of the 1-micron filter as red, 727-nm filter as green, and violet filter as blue. The Galileo project is managed for NASA's Office of Space Science by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied

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Space the Final Frontier, the Moon 2

Target Name: Moon, Is a satellite of: Earth, Mission: Galileo, Spacecraft: Galileo Orbiter, Product Size: 1986 samples x 1986 lines, Produced By: U.S. Geological Survey, Addition Date: 1998-06-08.

Primary Data Set: Galileo EDRs, Full-Res JPEG: PIA00405.jpg (403.3 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: During its flight, the Galileo spacecraft returned images of the Moon. The Galileo spacecraft took these images on December 7, 1992 on its way to explore the Jupiter system in 1995-97. The distinct bright ray crater at the bottom of the image is the Tycho impact basin.

The dark areas are lava rock filled impact basins: Oceanus Procellarum (on the left), Mare Imbrium (center left), Mare Serenitatis and Mare Tranquillitatis (center), and Mare Crisium (near the right edge). This picture contains images through the Violet, 756 nm, 968 nm filters. The color is 'enhanced' in the sense that the CCD camera is sensitive to near infrared wavelengths of light beyond human vision. The Galileo project is managed for NASA's Office of Space Science by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied

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Space the Final Frontier, the Moon

Target Name: Moon, Is a satellite of: Earth, Mission: Cassini, Spacecraft: Cassini Orbiter, Instrument: Imaging Science, Subsystem - Narrow Angle, Product Size: 1084 samples x 1025 lines, Produced By: CICLOPS / University of Arizona, Addition Date: 1999-09-10.

Primary Data Set: Cassini, Full-Res JPEG: PIA02321.jpg (96.1 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: This narrow angle image taken by Cassini's camera system of the Moon is one of the best of a sequence of narrow angle frames taken as the spacecraft passed by the Moon on the way to its closest approach with Earth on August 17, 1999.

The 80 millisecond exposure was taken through a spectral filter centered at 0.33 microns; the filter bandpass was 85 Angstroms wide. The spatial scale of the image is about 1.4 miles per pixel (about 2.3 kilometers). The imaging data were processed and released by the Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations (CICLOPS) at the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Tucson, AZ.

Photo Credit: NASA/JPL/Cassini Imaging Team/University of Arizona

Cassini, launched in 1997, is a joint mission of NASA, the European Space Agency and Italian Space Agency. The mission is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington DC. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied

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Space the Final Frontier, Venus Mariner 2

Target Name: Venus, Mission: Mariner, Spacecraft: Mariner 2, Product Size: 1515 samples x 1218 lines, Produced By: JPL, Full-Res TIFF: PIA04594.tif (3.492 MB), Full-Res JPEG: PIA04594.jpg (330.3 kB).

Original Caption Released with Image: Mariner 2 was the world's first successful interplanetary spacecraft. Launched August 27, 1962, on an Atlas-Agena rocket, Mariner 2 passed within about 34,000 kilometers (21,000 miles) of Venus, sending back valuable new information about interplanetary space and the Venusian atmosphere.

Mariner 2 recorded the temperature at Venus for the first time, revealing the planet's very hot atmosphere of about 500 degrees Celsius (900 degrees Fahrenheit). The spacecraft's solar wind experiment measured for the first time the density, velocity, composition and variation over time of the solar wind.

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

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Space the Final Frontier, Venus

Target Name: Venus, Is a satellite of: Sol (our sun), Mission: Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Spacecraft: Hubble Space Telescope, Instrument: Imaging Science Subsystem - Narrow Angle, Product Size: 170 samples x 248 lines, Produced By: JPL, Producer ID: PIA01544, Addition Date: 1999-05-18.

Primary Data Set: Space Telescope Science Institute, Full-Res TIFF: PIA01544.tif (48.41 kB), Full-Res JPEG: PIA01544.jpg (3.494 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: VENUS CLOUD TOPS VIEWED BY HUBBLE. This is a NASA Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet-light image of the planet Venus, taken on January 24 1995, when Venus was at a distance of 70.6 million miles (113.6 million kilometers) from Earth. Venus is covered with clouds made of sulfuric acid, rather than the water-vapor clouds found on Earth.

These clouds permanently shroud Venus' volcanic surface, which has been radar mapped by spacecraft and from Earth-based telescope. At ultraviolet wavelengths cloud patterns become distinctive. In particular, a horizontal "Y"-shaped cloud feature is visible near the equator. Similar features were seen from Mariner 10, Pioneer Venus, and Galileo spacecrafts.

This global feature might indicate atmospheric waves, analogous to high and low pressure cells on Earth. Bright clouds toward Venus' poles appear to follow latitude lines. The polar regions are bright, possibly showing a haze of small particles overlying the main clouds. The dark regions show the location of enhanced sulfur dioxide near the cloud tops.

From previous missions, astronomers know that such features travel east to west along with the Venus' prevailing winds, to make a complete circuit around the planet in four days. Because Venus is closer to the Sun than Earth, the planet appears to go through phases, like the Moon. When Venus swings close to Earth the planet's disk appears to grow in size, but changes from a full disk to a crescent. The image was taken with the Wide Field Planetary Camera-2, in PC mode. False color has been used enhance cloud features.

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied

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Space the Final Frontier, Mercury

Target Name: Mercury, Is a satellite of: Sol (our sun), Mission: Mariner Venus Mercury (MVM), Spacecraft: Mariner 10, Instrument: Imaging Science Subsystem - Narrow Angle, Product Size: 213 samples x 275 lines, Produced By: Northwestern University, Addition Date: 1999-12-07

Other Information: Mariner 10 Image Project, Full-Res TIFF: PIA02440.tif (224.1 kB), Full-Res JPEG: PIA02440.jpg (15.87 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: Updated calibration and subsequent mosaicing have led to substantial improvements in the Mariner 10 color image data. This color composite was formed to especially highlight differences in opaque minerals (such as ilmenite), Iron content, and soil maturity.

The Mariner 10 mission is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA's Office of Space Science, explored Venus in February 1974 on the way to three encounters with Mercury-in March and September 1974 and in March 1975. The spacecraft took more than 7,000 photos of Mercury, Venus, the Earth and the Moon.

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Northwestern University

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied

Generally speaking, works created by U.S. Government employees are not eligible for copyright protection in the United States. See Circular 1 "COPYRIGHT BASICS" from the U.S. Copyright Office.

To use a credit line in connection with images. Unless otherwise noted in the caption information for an image, the credit line should be "Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech."

Anyone incorporating a work of the U.S. Government into a copyrighted work should be aware of 17 U.S.C. § 403. This section requires a copyright notice to contain a statement identifying what portions of the work consist of a work of the U.S.Government

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Space the Final Frontier, Solar Prominence

Target Name: Sol, (our sun), Is a satellite of: Mission: SOHO, Spacecraft: SOHO, Instrument: Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope, Product Size: 2100 samples x 2034 lines, Produced By: Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope Consortium, Addition Date: 2001-02-17, Primary Data Set: SOHO_PAGE.

Full-Res TIFF: PIA03149.tif (4.315 MB,)Full-Res JPEG: PIA03149.jpg (409.1 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) image of a huge, handle-shaped prominence taken on Sept. 14,1999 taken in the 304 angstrom wavelength - Prominences are huge clouds of relatively cool dense plasma suspended in the Sun's hot, thin corona. At times, they can erupt, escaping the Sun's atmosphere. Emission in this spectral line shows the upper chromosphere at a temperature of about 60,000 degrees K. Every feature in the image traces magnetic field structure. The hottest areas appear almost white, while the darker red areas indicate cooler temperatures.

SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA. See the SOHO web page at sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov for more details.

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied.

Generally speaking, works created by U.S. Government employees are not eligible for copyright protection in the United States. See Circular 1 "COPYRIGHT BASICS" from the U.S. Copyright Office.

To use a credit line in connection with images. Unless otherwise noted in the caption information for an image, the credit line should be "Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech."

Anyone incorporating a work of the U.S. Government into a copyrighted work should be aware of 17 U.S.C. § 403. This section requires a copyright notice to contain a statement identifying what portions of the work consist of a work of the U.S.Government.

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Space the Final Frontier, Sol our Sun

Mission: SOHO, Spacecraft: SOHO, Instrument: Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope, Product Size: 1067 samples x 1067 lines, Produced By: Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope Consortium, Addition Date: 2001-02-17, Primary Data Set: SOHO_PAGE . Full-Res JPEG: PIA03150.jpg (108.6 kB)

Original Caption Released with Image: This composite image combines Extreme Ultravoilet Imaging Telescope (EIT)images from three wavelengths(171, 195 and 284 angstrom) into one that reveals solar features unique to each wavelength. Since the EIT images come to us from the spacecraft in black and white, they are color coded for easy identification. For this image, the nearly simultaneous images from May 1998 were each given a color code (red, yellow and blue) and merged into one.

SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA. See the SOHO web page at sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov for more details.

NASA images generally are not copyrighted. Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission. The endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied.

Generally speaking, works created by U.S. Government employees are not eligible for copyright protection in the United States. See Circular 1 "COPYRIGHT BASICS" from the U.S. Copyright Office.

To use a credit line in connection with images. Unless otherwise noted in the caption information for an image, the credit line should be "Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech."

Anyone incorporating a work of the U.S. Government into a copyrighted work should be aware of 17 U.S.C. § 403. This section requires a copyright notice to contain a statement identifying what portions of the work consist of a work of the U.S.Government.

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White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

Title: White-tailed Deer, Alternative Title: (Odocoileus virginianus), Creator: Van Riper, Steve, Source: WO2787-023, Publisher: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Contributor: DIVISION OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

Language: EN - ENGLISH, Rights: (public domain), Audience: (general), Subject: Animals, Mammals, Endangered species, Wildlife.

File size: 113 KB, Format: JPEG image (image/jpeg), Dimensions: Screen: 1050px x 700px, Print: 7.00 x 4.67 inches, Resolution: 150 dpi (mid, presentation quality), Depth: Full Color.

Unless otherwise indicated, resources in the Digital Library System are in the public domain. No restrictions or copyrights are placed upon these materials. You may credit the source of the resource using the information contained in the "Creator" or "Rights" field of the resource record. Download Full High Resolution Image

File size: 403 KB, Format: JPEG image (image/jpeg), Dimensions: Screen: 2500px x 1667px, Print: 10.00 x 6.67 inches, Resolution: 250 dpi, Depth: Full Color.

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Anyone incorporating a work of the U.S. Government into a copyrighted work should be aware of 17 U.S.C. § 403. This section requires a copyright notice to contain a statement identifying what portions of the work consist of a work of the U.S.Government.

The white-tailed deer can be found in southern Canada and most of the United States, except for the Southwest, Alaska and Hawaii. NatureWorks -White-tailed Deer

Populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have changed significantly during the past 100 years in the eastern United States (Halls 1984). After near extirpation in the eastern states by 1900, deer numbers increased during the first quarter of this century. The effects of growing deer populations on forest regeneration and farm crops have been a concern to foresters and farmers for the past 50 years. White-tailed Deer in the Northeast

White-tailed deer are 3-3 ½ feet tall at the shoulder and weigh 50-250 pounds. Males are larger than females and grow antlers from March-August. Antlers are shed in late winter. On rare occasions, a female will grow antlers. White-tailed Deer Fact Sheet

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