Dred Scott

Dred Scott, plaintiff in Dred Scott v. Sanford, Supreme Court of the United States. Painted by Louis Schultze, commissioned by a "group of Negro citizens" and presented to the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, in 1882. Schultze based his work on a daguerreotype by J.H. Fitzgibbon circa 1857 that appeared in Frank Leslie's Weekly, an illustrated literary and news magazine. This image is a faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art and thus not copyrightable in itself in the U.S. as per Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp; the same is also true in many other countries. The original two-dimensional work shown in this image is free content because: This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired.

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Dred Scott v. Sandford

The Supreme Court decision Dred Scott v. Sandford was issued on March 6, 1857. Delivered by Chief Justice Roger Taney, this opinion declared that slaves were not citizens of the United States and could not sue in Federal courts. In addition, this decision declared that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that Congress did not have the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories. The Dred Scott decision was overturned by the 13th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution. Primary Documents in American History

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Valentine's Day Balloons

Valentine's Day Balloons The Paper House 73d and Amsterdam NYC. I, (sookietex) the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwide. In case this is not legally possible, I grant any entity the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law

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Balloon From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Beginning in the late 1970s, some more expensive (and longer-lasting) foil balloons have been made of thin, unstretchable, less permeable metalized plastic films. These balloons have attractive shiny reflective surfaces and are often printed with color pictures and patterns for gifts and parties. The most important attribute of metalized nylon for balloons is its light weight, increasing buoyancy and its ability to keep the helium gas from escaping for several weeks. However, there has been some environmental concern, since the metalized nylon does not biodegrade or shred as a rubber balloon does, and a helium balloon released into the atmosphere can travel a long way before finally bursting or deflating. Release of these types of balloons into the atmosphere is considered harmful to the environment. This type of balloon can also conduct electricity on its surface and released foil balloons can become entangled in power lines and cause power outages.

Released balloons can land almost anywhere, including on nature preserves or other areas where they pose a serious hazard to animals through ingestion or entanglement. Latex balloons are especially dangerous to sea creatures because latex retains its elasticity for 12 months or more when exposed to sea water rather than air.[5] Because of the harm to wildlife and the effect of litter on the environment, some jurisdictions even legislate to control mass balloon releases. Legislation proposed in Maryland, USA was named after Inky, a pygmy sperm whale who needed 6 operations after swallowing debris, the largest piece of which was a mylar balloon.

Professional balloon party decorators use electronic equipment to enable the exact amount of helium to fill the balloon. For non-floating balloons air inflators are used. Professional quality balloons are used, which differ from most retail packet balloons by being larger in size and made from 100% biodegradable latex.

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Mardi Gras Masks

Mardi Gras Masks, The Paper House 73d and Amsterdam NYC.

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Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana is one of the most famous Carnival celebrations in the world (also see: Mardi Gras).

The New Orleans Carnival season, with roots in the start of the Catholic season of Lent, starts on Twelfth Night (January 6). The season of parades, balls (some of them masquerade balls), and king cake parties begins on that date.

From about two weeks before, through Fat Tuesday, there is at least one major parade each day. The largest and most elaborate parades take place the last five days of the season. In the final week of Carnival many events large and small occur throughout New Orleans and surrounding communities.

The parades in New Orleans are organized by Carnival krewes. Krewe float riders toss throws to the crowds; the most common throws are strings, usually made of plastic colorful beads, doubloons (aluminium or wooden dollar-sized coins usually impressed with a krewe logo), decorated plastic throw cups, and small inexpensive toys. Major krewes follow the same parade schedule and route each year.

While many tourists center their Mardi Gras season activities on Bourbon Street and the French Quarter, none of the major Mardi Gras parades have entered the Quarter since 1972 because of its narrow streets and overhead obstructions. Instead, major parades originate in the Uptown and Mid-City districts and follow a route along St. Charles Avenue and Canal Street, on the upriver side of the French Quarter.

To New Orleanians, "Mardi Gras" refers only to the final and most elaborate day of the Carnival Season; visitors tend to refer to the entire Carnival as "Mardi Gras." Some locals have thus started to refer to the final day of Carnival as "Mardi Gras Day" to avoid confusion.

Costumes and masks are seldom publicly worn by non-Krewe members on the days before Fat Tuesday (other than at parties), but are frequently worn on Mardi Gras Day. Laws against concealing one's identity with a mask are suspended for the day. Banks are closed, and some businesses and other places with security concerns (such as convenience stores) post signs asking people to remove their masks before entering.

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Valentine Lace Hearts

Valentine Lace Hearts, More and More antiques Valentine's Window Display 78th and Amsterdam, NYC. I, (sookietex) the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwide. In case this is not legally possible, I grant any entity the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.

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Leonardo Fibonacci

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Fibonacci From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Leonardo of Pisa (c. 1170 – c. 1250), also known as Leonardo Pisano, Leonardo Bonacci, Leonardo Fibonacci, or, most commonly, simply Fibonacci, was an Italian mathematician, considered by some "the most talented mathematician of the Middle Ages"

In his work Liber Abaci, Fibonacci introduces the so-called modus Indorum (method of the Indians), today known as Hindu-Arabic numerals (Sigler 2003; Grimm 1973). The book advocated numeration with the digits 0–9 and place value. The book showed the practical importance of the new numeral system, using lattice multiplication and Egyptian fractions, by applying it to commercial bookkeeping, conversion of weights and measures, the calculation of interest, money-changing, and other applications. The book was well received throughout educated Europe and had a profound impact on European thought. Nevertheless, the use of decimal numerals did not become widespread until much later.

Liber Abaci also posed, and solved, a problem involving the growth of a hypothetical population of rabbits based on idealized assumptions. The solution, generation by generation, was a sequence of numbers later known as Fibonacci numbers. The number sequence was known to Indian mathematicians as early as the 6th century, but it was Fibonacci's Liber Abaci that introduced it to the West.

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Captain Arthur Phillip

1786 portrait by Francis Wheatley (National Portrait Gallery, London) This image is a faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art and thus not copyrightable in itself in the U.S. as per Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.; the same is also true in many other countries. The original two-dimensional work shown in this image is free content because: This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired. This applies to the United States, where Works published prior to 1978 were copyright protected for a maximum of 75 years.

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Australia Day From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Australia Day, celebrated annually on 26 January, is the official national day of Australia, commemorating the establishment of the first European settlement on the continent of Australia. The date is that of the foundation of a British penal colony at Sydney Cove on Port Jackson, New South Wales, by Captain Arthur Phillip, who was to become the first Governor. Australia Day is an official public holiday in all states and territories of Australia, and has also been known as Anniversary Day or Foundation Day.

On Australia Day each year, the Prime Minister announces the winner of the Australian of the Year award, presented to an Australian citizen who has shown a "significant contribution to the Australian community and nation", and is an "inspirational role model for the Australian community". Subcategories of the award include "Young" and "Senior Australian of the Year", and an award for the "Australian Local Hero".

Records of the celebration of Australia Day date back to 1808, and in 1818, Governor Lachlan Macquarie held the first official celebration of Australia Day. In 2004, an estimated 7.5 million people attended Australia Day celebrations and functions across the country.

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Valentine Hearts

Valentine Hearts: Canine Ranch Pet Toys Store, 82nd Street and Columbus Avenue, New York City. I, (sookietex) the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain.

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Valentine's Day From Simple English Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia that anyone can change

Valentine's Day is a holiday on February 14th. It is the day of the year when lovers show their love to each other. This can be done be giving flowers, candy, or Valentine's cards. Love notes can be given to one another. These notes are called valentines.

Symbols of Valentine's Day are heart shapes, roses, and Cupid with his arrows.

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MINI (BMW) parallel Mini Coopers

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MINI (BMW) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

MINI is the name of a Cowley, England-based subsidiary of BMW as well as that of a car produced by that subsidiary since April 2001.

The car, designed by Frank Stephenson, is marketed as a "retro" redesign of the original Mini, which was manufactured by the British Motor Corporation and its successors from 1959 to 2000. The name is written in capital letters to distinguish it from its predecessor. Upon general release the car was marketed as "NEW MINI" although it is commonly less officially referred to as "BMW Mini". Originally developed by Rover Group and to be sold under the Rover brand and made at the Longbridge plant, the MINI project was retained by BMW when the latter divested itself of Rover in 2000. The MINI is assembled in Cowley, Oxford, United Kingdom, in what was historically the Pressed Steel Company body plant, now known as Plant Oxford.

The 2001 to 2006 model years included four hatchback models: the basic "MINI One", the diesel-engined "MINI One/D", the sportier "MINI Cooper" and the supercharged "MINI Cooper S". In 2005 a convertible roof option was added. In November 2006 a greatly re-engineered version of the MINI was released which is unofficially known as the "Mk II MINI". The Mk II is only available as a hard-top in the 2007 model year.

The MINI was designed and engineered to replace the long running Rover 100 and the larger Rover 200, both deemed unsuitable for the modern world automobile market. The MINI was supposed to replace low-end models of the 200 and high-end models of the 100 with a Rover 35 replacing high end 200s and low end 400s. After the divestment of MG Rover, the MINI was instead marketed as a small yet desirable city car rather than a mainstream replacement of the 100 and 200.

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James Meredith at the University of Mississippi

Digital ID: ppmsca 04292. Source: digital file from original. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-04292 (digital file from original negative), Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieve higher resolution JPEG version (160 kilobytes) TITLE: Integration at Ole Miss[issippi] Univ[ersity]. CALL NUMBER: LC-U9- 8556-24 [P&P]. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-ppmsca-04292 (digital file from original negative) RIGHTS INFORMATION: No known restrictions on publication.

SUMMARY: Photograph shows James Meredith walking to class accompanied by U.S. marshals. MEDIUM: 1 negative : film. CREATED/PUBLISHED: 1962 Oct. 1. CREATOR: Trikosko, Marion S., photographer.

NOTES: Title from contact sheet folder caption. U.S. News & World Report Magazine Photograph Collection. Contact sheet available for reference purposes: USN&WR COLL - Job no. 8556, frame 24.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. DIGITAL ID: (digital file from original) ppmsca 04292 hdl.loc.gov/ppmsca.04292, CONTROL #: 2003688159

MARC Record Line 540 - No known restrictions on publication.

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [reproduction number, LC-DIG-ppmsca-05633] James Meredith, accompanied by federal officials, enrolls on October, 1, 1962, at the University of Mississippi.

In September 1962, a federal court ordered the university to accept Meredith, a 28-year-old, black Air Force veteran, much to the consternation of segregationists. Governor Ross Barnett said he would never allow the school to be integrated.

After days of violence and rioting by whites and a great deal of political maneuvering between Barnett and the administration, President John F. Kennedy sent more than 10,000 soldiers to ensure the safety of Meredith on his first day of classes.

Because he had earned college credits elsewhere, Meredith graduated the following August. (Library of Congress) The U.S. Civil Rights Movement

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125th St. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard

125th St..Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard. Public Domain ClipArt Stock Photos and Images.

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125th Street is a two-way street that runs east-west in the New York City borough of Manhattan, considered the "Main Street" of Harlem; It is also called Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard.

The western part of the street runs diagonally through the neighborhood of Manhattanville from the north-west from an interchange with the Henry Hudson Parkway at 130th Street. East of Morningside Avenue it runs east-west through central Harlem to an interchange with F.D.R. Drive by the East River, where it becomes the Manhattan leg of the Triborough Bridge. Many sections of the street have been gentrified and developed with such stores as Old Navy, H&M, CVS/pharmacy, and Magic Johnson Theaters. The historical Apollo Theater is here.

West of Convent Avenue, 125th Street was re-routed on to the old Manhattan Avenue. The original 125th Street west of Convent Avenue was swallowed up to make the super-blocks where the low income housing projects now exist. What remains of the original alignment of 125th Street is called La Salle Street, which runs between Amsterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue.

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Ebenezer Baptist Church,

Ebenezer Baptist Church,. Public Domain ClipArt Stock Photos and Images. Ownership: Information presented on this website Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS: Historic Resource Study, unless otherwise indicated, is considered in the public domain.

Disclaimer: Information presented on this website U.S. Department of the Interior is considered public information and may be distributed or copied. Use of appropriate byline/photo/image credit is requested.

Ebenezer Baptist Church, located at 407-413 Auburn Avenue, is part of a tradition of church building that existed in the Sweet Auburn community in the first decades of the twentieth century. Big Bethel A.M.E. Church of 1904 and 1924, located at 220 Auburn Avenue,

Wheat Street Baptist Church of 1920-1923, located at 365 Auburn Avenue, and Ebenezer of 1914-1922, are substantial buildings erected by a prosperous black community and built in the popular styles of their day. That these buildings soar above Auburn Avenue suggests both their spiritual importance and their place in the early twentieth century Sweet Auburn skyline.

Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, Ebenezer Baptist Church, 407 Auburn Avenue Northeast, Atlanta, Fulton County, GA. Interior, view from behind pulpit, looking toward balcony. Historic American Buildings Survey< #HABS GA-2169-F. Library of Congress call #HABS GA,61-ATLA,54-2. The records in HABS/HAER were created for the U.S. Government and are considered to be in the public domain.

Creator: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Historic American Buildings Survey. Source: U.S. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division "Built in America" Collection, reproduction number HABS GA-2169-F. Copyright: "The records in HABS/HAER were created for the U.S. Government and are considered to be in the public domain.

Ebenezer was designed in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. Popular in the United States as a residential style from 1840-1880, Gothic Revival remained a common choice for ecclesiastical buildings well into the twentieth century. Although Gothic forms never completely disappeared in English church architecture, Gothic reemerged as a style of architecture during the middle of the eighteenth century with the work of William Kent and Horace Walpole.

Nearly a century later, it was promoted in the United States by Alexander Jackson Davis. Its popularity increased, however, through the work of Andrew Jackson Downing, whose pattern books, Cottage Residences, Rural Architecture and Landscape Gardening of 1842 and The Architecture of Country Houses of 1850, circulated widely.

Lyndhurst, the Tarrytown, New York residence designed by Davis in 1838 and 1865, and Richard Upjohn's Trinity Church in New York City of 1839-1846 are among the most influential buildings of the period and include such elements as pointed-arched window openings, wall buttresses, towers, castellated parapets, and steeply pitched roofs. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, Upjohn's archeological approach to church design gave way to more eclectic church buildings. Later Gothic Revival churches include both traditional Gothic design elements, elements borrowed from other styles, and original motifs.

Ebenezer is a two-story, rectangular brick church with two large towers at each end of the Auburn Avenue facade (photograph 24). These towers flank a steeply pitched gable roof that contains two pairs of cross gables. The southernmost pair corresponds to a transept and contains a large, three-part Gothic window in each gable end. The brickwork at the lower level is covered with gray stucco and scored to resemble stone.

The main facade is essentially divided into three bays. The towers, which comprise the two outer bays, are buttressed at the first and second levels and contain stained glass and louvered lancet windows. Merlons are located in the corners of the tower parapets. The center bay contains the main entrance at ground level, three narrow, stained-glass windows at the second level, and a three-part Gothic window in the gable end.

Two-story buttresses divide the side elevations into nine bays, with the tower comprising the northernmost bay and the chancel expressed in the southernmost bay. These bays are punctuated at the lower level by segmental-arched windows with the second-floor bays marked by tall, stained-glass windows. Brick panels mark the division between the first and second floors.

The rear elevation has been largely obscured by a one-story, hip-roofed addition built in 1971. An oculus, located high in the gable end, remains visible. The two-story Education Building, constructed in 1956 and rehabilitated in 1971, similarly obscures the east elevation. Brick beltcourses, panels, corbels, and window hoods ornament the front and side elevations of Ebenezer and to a lesser extent the Education Building. Brick ornamentation of this type is common in public and commercial buildings throughout the Sweet Auburn community from the early part of the twentieth century through the 1930s.

The church auditorium is located at the second level, above the below-grade meeting hall. It is an open, rectangular space, with the pulpit and choir elevated on a platform and a balcony across the rear of the sanctuary. The walls are white plaster, and the pitched ceiling is pressed metal, also painted white. The gently sloped floor is oak and contains a central and two narrower side ranks of pews. Transepts feature stained glass portraits of Rev. A. D. Williams and Rev. Martin Luther King, Sr. Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS: Historic Resource Study.

Gold Nanoparticles

Caption: False color scanning electron micrograph (250,000 times magnification) showing the gold nanoparticles created by NIST and the National Cancer Institute's Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory for use as reference standards in biomedical research laboratories. Credit: Andras Vladar, NIST. Usage Restrictions: None.

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Colloidal gold From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Colloidal gold, also known as "nanogold", is a suspension (or colloid) of sub-micrometre-sized particles of gold in a fluid — usually water. The liquid is usually either an intense red colour (for particles less than 100 nm), or a dirty yellowish colour (for larger particles). The nanoparticles themselves can come in a variety of shapes. Spheres, rods, cubes, and caps are some of the more frequently observed ones.

Known since ancient times, the synthesis of colloidal gold was originally used as a method of staining glass. Modern scientific evaluation of colloidal gold did not begin until Michael Faraday's work of the 1850s. Due to the unique optical, electronic, and molecular-recognition properties of gold nanoparticles, they are the subject of substantial research, with applications in a wide variety of areas, including electronics, nanotechnology, and the synthesis of novel materials with unique properties.

Generally, gold nanoparticles are produced in a liquid ("liquid chemical methods") by reduction of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4), although more advanced and precise methods do exist. After dissolving HAuCl4, the solution is rapidly stirred while a reducing agent is added. This causes Au3+ ions to reduce to un-ionized gold atoms. As more and more of these gold atoms form, the solution becomes supersaturated, and gold gradually starts to precipitate in the form of sub-nanometer particles. The rest of the gold atoms that form stick to the existing particles, and, if the solution is stirred vigorously enough, the particles will be fairly uniform in size.

To prevent the particles from aggregating, some sort of stabilizing agent that sticks to the nanoparticle surface is usually added. They can be functionalized with various organic ligands to create organic-inorganic hybrids with advanced functionality.

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Carter G. Woodson

Carter G. Woodson. Public Domain ClipArt Stock Photos and Images. Creator: Office for Emergency Management. Office of War Information. Domestic Operations. Branch. News Bureau. (06/13/1942 - 09/15/1945) ( Most Recent). Type of Archival Materials: Photographs and other Graphic Materials.

Level of Description: Item from Record Group 208: Records of the Office of War Information, 1926 - 1951. Location: Still Picture Records LICON, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S),

National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001 PHONE: 301-837-3530, FAX: 301-837-3621, EMAIL: stillpix@nara.gov

Production Date: 1943 Part of: Series: Artworks and Mockups for Cartoons Promoting the War Effort and Original Sketches by Charles Alston, ca. 1942 - ca. 1945. Scope & Content Note: Carter G. Woodson - with biographical paragraphs.

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted. Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

Specific Records Type: cartoons (humorous images) Variant Control Number(s): NAIL Control Number: NWDNS-208-COM-78

Copy 1 Copy Status: Preservation. Storage Facility: National Archives at College Park - Archives II (College Park, MD). Media Media Type: Artwork. Index Terms. Subjects Represented in the Archival Material. African Americans, Arts, World War, 1939-1945

Contributors to Authorship and/or Production of the Archival Materials Alston, Charles Henry, 1907-1977, Artist

Carter G. Woodson From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Carter Godwin Woodson (b. December 19, 1875, New Canton, Buckingham County, Virginia — d. April 3, 1950, Washington, D.C.) was an African American historian, author, journalist and the founder of Black History Month. He is considered the first to conduct a scholarly effort to popularize the value of Black History. He recognized and acted upon the importance of a people having an awareness and knowledge of their contributions to humanity and left behind an impressive legacy. He was a member of the first black fraternity Sigma Pi Phi and a member of Omega Psi Phi as well.

Woodson was the son of former slaves James and Eliza Riddle Woodson. His father had helped the Union soldiers during the Civil War, and afterwards moved his family to West Virginia when he heard they were building a high school for blacks in Huntington. Coming from a large, poor family, Carter could not regularly attend such schools, but through self-instruction he was able to master the fundamentals of common school subjects by the time he was 17.

Ambitious for more education Woodson went to Fayette County to earn a living as a miner in the coal fields, but was only able to devote a few months each year to his schooling. In 1895 at the age of twenty, Carter entered Douglass High School where he received his diploma in less than two years. From 1897 to 1900, Carter G. Woodson began teaching in Fayette County. In 1900, he became the principal of Douglass High School. Woodson finally received his Bachelor of Literature degree from Berea College in Kentucky. From 1903 to 1907 he was a school supervisor in the Philippines. He then attended the University of Chicago where he received his M.A. in 1908, and in 1912 he received his Ph.D. in history from Harvard University.

In 1915, Woodson and Jesse E. Moorland co-founded the Association for the Study of African American Life and History

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Bessye J. Bearden

Creator: Office for Emergency Management. Office of War Information. Domestic Operations. Branch. News Bureau. (06/13/1942 - 09/15/1945) ( Most Recent) Type of Archival Materials: Photographs and other Graphic Materials. Level of Description: Item from Record Group 208: Records of the Office of War Information, 1926 - 1951. Location: Still Picture Records LICON, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S),

National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001 PHONE: 301-837-3530, FAX: 301-837-3621, EMAIL: stillpix@nara.gov

Production Date: 1943. Part of: Series: Artworks and Mockups for Cartoons Promoting the War Effort and Original Sketches by Charles Alston, ca. 1942 - ca. 1945. Scope & Content Note: Bessye J. Bearden - with biographical paragraphs.

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted. Use Restrictions: Unrestricted. Specific Records Type: cartoons (humorous images) Variant Control Number(s): NAIL Control Number: NWDNS-208-COM-85.

Copy 1 Copy Status: Preservation Storage Facility: National Archives at College Park - Archives II (College Park, MD) Media Media Type: Artwork Index Terms Subjects Represented in the Archival Material. African Americans. Arts. World War, 1939-1945

Contributors to Authorship and/or Production of the Archival Materials Alston, Charles Henry, 1907-1977, Artist

Bessye J. Bearden From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bessye J. Bearden was an American journalist and mother of artist Romare Bearden.

Bessye J. Bearden was born in North Carolina to George T. and Carrie O. Banks. She attended public schools in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

She married R. Howard Bearden and this union produced a son, Romare.

For several years she served as a New York correspondent for the Chicago Defender.

Bearden has the distinction of being one of the first black women to serve as a member of New York City's Board of Education. She was also the founder and president of the Colored Women's Democratic League.

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Porsche 911 Carrera

January 17, 1964 - The first Porsche Carrera GTS, was delivered to a Los Angeles customer.

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Porsche 911 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Porsche 911 (pronounced as nine eleven) is a sports car made by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany. The famous, distinctive and durable car has undergone continuous development since its introduction in autumn 1963. Mechanically it is notable for being rear engined and, until the introduction of the all-new Type 996 in 1999, air-cooled.

Since its inception the 911 has been modified, both by private teams and the factory itself, for racing, rallying and other types of automotive competition. It is often cited as the most successful competition car ever, especially when its variations are included, mainly the powerful 935.

In the international poll for the award of Car of the Century, the 911 came fifth after the Ford Model T, the Mini, the Citroën DS and the Volkswagen Beetle. It is the most successful surviving application of the air (or water) cooled opposed rear engine layout pioneered by its original ancestor, the Volkswagen Beetle.

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Chevrolet Corvette

January 16, 1953 - The Chevrolet Corvette was introduced at New York's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.

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Chevrolet Corvette From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Chevrolet Corvette is a sports car that has been manufactured by Chevrolet since 1953. It is built today at a General Motors assembly plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky, but in the past it was built in Flint, Michigan and St. Louis, Missouri. It was the first all-American sports car built by an American car manufacturer. The National Corvette Museum and annual National Corvette Homecoming are also located in Bowling Green, Kentucky.

While the style of a car may be just as important to some as to how well the car runs, it was not until 1927, when General Motors hired designer Harley Earl, that automotive styling and design became important to American automobile manufacturers. What Henry Ford did for automobile manufacturing principles, Harley Earl did for car design. Most of GM's flamboyant "dream car" designs of the 1950s are directly attributable to Earl, leading one journalist to comment that the designs were "the American psyche made visible." Harley Earl loved sports cars, and GIs returning after serving overseas in the years following World War II were bringing home MGs, Jaguars, Alfa Romeos, and the like. In 1951, Nash Motors began selling a two-seat sports car, the Nash-Healey, that was made in partnership with the Italian designer Pinin Farina and British auto engineer Donald Healey. Earl convinced GM that they also needed to build a two-seat sports car. Earl and his Special Projects crew began working on the new car later that year, which was code named "Opel." The result was the 1953 Corvette, unveiled to the public at that year's Motorama car show. The original concept for the Corvette emblem incorporated an American flag into the design, but was changed well before production since associating the flag with a product was frowned upon.

Taking its name from the corvette, a small, maneuverable fighting frigate (the credit for the naming goes to Myron Scott), the first Corvettes were virtually handbuilt in Flint, Michigan in Chevrolet's Customer Delivery Center, now an academic building at Kettering University. The outer body was made out of then-revolutionary fiberglass, selected in part because of steel quotas left over from the war. Underneath that radical new body were standard Chevrolet components, including the "Blue Flame" inline six-cylinder truck engine, two-speed Powerglide automatic transmission, and drum brakes from Chevrolet's regular car line. Though the engine's output was increased somewhat, thanks to a triple-carburetor intake exclusive to the Corvette, performance of the car was decidedly lackluster. Compared to the British and Italian sports cars of the day, the Corvette was underpowered, required a great deal of effort as well as clear roadway to bring to a stop, and even lacked a "proper" manual transmission. Up until that time, the Chevrolet division was GM's entry-level marque, known for excellent but no-nonsense cars. Nowhere was that more evident than in the Corvette. A Paxton supercharger became available in 1954 as a dealer-installed option, greatly improving the Corvette's straight-line performance, but sales continued to decline.

GM was seriously considering shelving the project, leaving the Corvette to be little more than a footnote in automotive history, and would have done so if not for two important events. The first was the introduction in 1955 of Chevrolet's first V8 engine (a 265 in³ {4.3 L}) since 1919, and the second was the influence of a Soviet emigré in GM's engineering department, Zora Arkus-Duntov. Arkus-Duntov simply took the new V8 and backed it with a three-speed manual transmission. That modification, probably the single most important in the car's history, helped turn the Corvette from a two-seat curiosity into a genuine performer. It also earned Arkus-Duntov the rather inaccurate nickname "Father of the Corvette."

Another key factor in the Corvette's survival was Ford's introduction, in 1955, of the two-seat Thunderbird, which was billed as a "personal luxury car", not a sports car. Even so, the Ford-Chevrolet rivalry in those days demanded that GM not appear to back down from the challenge. The "T-Bird" was changed to a four-seater in 1958.

There have been six generations of the Corvette so far, sometimes referred to as C1 through C6.

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Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr.

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Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. was an American inventor whose curiosity and innovation led him to develop several commercial products, the successors of which are still in use today. A practical man of humble beginnings, Morgan devoted his life to creating items that made the lives of common people safer and more convenient.

Among his creations was the three-position traffic signal, a traffic management device that greatly improved safety along America's streets and roadways. Morgan's technology was the basis for the modern-day traffic signal and was a significant contribution to development of what we now know as Intelligent Transportation Systems.

The Inventor's Early Life

Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. was born in Paris, Kentucky on March 4, 1877. His parents were former slaves. Morgan spent his early childhood attending school and working with his brothers and sisters on the family farm. He left Kentucky while still a teenager, moving north to Cincinnati, Ohio in search of employment.

An industrious youth, Morgan spent most of his adolescence working as a handyman for a wealthy Cincinnati landowner. Similar to many African Americans of his generation, whose circumstances compelled them to begin working at an early age, Morgan's formal education ended after elementary school. Eager to expand his knowledge, however, the precocious teenager hired a tutor and continued his studies in English grammar while living in Cincinnati.

In 1895, Morgan moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he worked as a sewing machine repair man for a clothing manufacturer. Experimenting with gadgets and materials to discover better ways of performing his trade became Morgan's passion. News of his proficiency for fixing things traveled fast and led to numerous job opportunities with various manufacturing firms throughout the Cleveland area.

Morgan opened his own sewing equipment and repair shop in 1907. It was the first of several businesses he would start. In 1909, he expanded the enterprise to include a tailoring shop which retained 32 employees. The new company made coats, suits and dresses, all sewn with equipment the budding inventor had made himself.

In 1920 Morgan started the Cleveland Call newspaper. As the years progressed, he became a prosperous and widely respected businessman. His prosperity enabled him to purchase a home and an automobile. Morgan's experiences driving through the streets of Cleveland are what led him to invent the nation's first patented three-position traffic signal.

The Three-Position Traffic Signal

The first American-made automobiles were introduced to U.S. consumers shortly before the turn of the century. Ford Motor Company was founded in 1903 and with it American consumers began to discover the adventures of the open road.

At that time, it was not uncommon for bicycles, animal-powered carts and motor vehicles to share the same thoroughfares with pedestrians. Accidents frequently occurred between the vehicles. After witnessing a collision between an automobile and a horse-drawn carriage, Morgan was convinced that something should be done to improve traffic safety.

While other inventors are reported to have experimented with and even marketed their own three-position traffic signals, Garrett A. Morgan was the first to apply for and acquire a U.S. patent for such a device. The patent was granted on November 20, 1923. Morgan later had the technology patented in Great Britain and Canada as well.

Prior to Morgan's invention, most of the traffic signals in use featured only two positions: Stop and Go. Manually operated, these two-position traffic signals were an improvement over no signal at all, but because they allowed no interval between the Stop and Go commands, collisions at busy intersections were common during the transition moving from one street to the other.

Another problem with the two-position traffic signals was the susceptibility to human error. Operator fatigue invariably resulted in erratic timing of the Stop and Go command changes, which confused both drivers and pedestrians. At night, when traffic officers were off duty, motorists frequently ignored the signals altogether.

The Morgan traffic signal was a T-shaped pole unit that featured three positions: Stop, Go and an all-directional stop position. The third position halted traffic in all directions before it allowed travel to resume on either of the intersection's perpendicular roads. This feature not only made it safer for motorists to pass through intersections, but also allowed pedestrians to cross more safely.

At night, or at other times when traffic was minimal, the Morgan signal could be positioned in a half-mast posture, alerting approaching motorists to proceed through the intersection with caution. The half-mast position had the same signaling effect as the flashing red and yellow lights of today's traffic signals.

Morgan's traffic management technology was used throughout North America until it was replaced by the red, yellow and green-light traffic signals currently used around the world. The inventor eventually sold the rights to his traffic signal to the General Electric Corporation for $40,000. Shortly before his death, in 1963, Morgan was awarded a citation for the traffic signal by the U.S. Government.

Another Significant Contribution to Public Safety

In 1912, Morgan received a patent on a Safety Hood and Smoke Protector. Two years later, a refined model of this early gas mask won a gold medal at the International Exposition of Sanitation and Safety, and another gold medal from the International Association of Fire Chiefs.

On July 25, 1916, Morgan made national news for using his gas mask to rescue several men trapped during an explosion in an underground tunnel beneath Lake Erie. Following the rescue, Morgan's company was bombarded with requests from fire departments around the country that wished to purchase the new life-saving masks. The Morgan gas mask was later refined for use by U.S. soldiers during World War I.

As word spread across North America and England about Morgan's life-saving inventions, such as the gas mask and the traffic signal, demand for these products grew far beyond his home town. He was frequently invited to conventions and public exhibitions around the country to show how his inventions worked. THE GARRETT A. MORGAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION FUTURES PROGRAM

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Lewis Howard Latimer

Lewis Howard Latimer, son of George Latimer, an escaped slave, was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, on the fourth day of September, 1848. He was the youngest of three boys and one girl. During the Civil War, at the age of fifteen or sixteen, he enlisted in the United States Naval Service and served as "landsman" on the U.S.S. Massasoit. Honorably discharged in 1865, Lewis returned to Boston. Despite limited opportunities for education, Lewis has an insatiable thirst for knowledge. His determination to succeed led him to become an important figure in the knowledge of this nation's electrical industry.

Description	Lewis Howard Latimer
Source	lrc.rpi.edu/resources/Lewis.jpg
Date	1882[1]
Author	unknown*

This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired. This applies to the United States, where Works published prior to 1978 were copyright protected for a maximum of 75 years. See Circular 1 "COPYRIGHT BASICS" from the U.S. Copyright Office.

Blessed with a talent for drawing and a love of painting, he was hired as an office boy by the firm of Crosby & Gould, patent solicitors. From his meager earnings he purchased a secondhand set of drafting tools. Together, with some library books and the aid of some draftsmen, Lewis gradually learned enough about drafting to approach his employer and ask that he be permitted to make some drawings. Reluctantly they agreed. As it turned out, his work was so outstanding that he was given a job as a draftsman in his office. Eventually he became the chief draftsman.

Hiram S. Maxim, founder of the U.S. Electric Light Co., at Bridgeport, CN, hired Lewis as assistant manager and draftsman. Here he learned the process for manufacturing filaments. This was quite a safety improvement for the operation of the electric light.

Lewis, also a gifted amateur poet, married Mary Wilson on December 10, 1873. For the occasion, Lewis wrote a special poem entitled: "EBON VENUS". This poem is one of many that appear in his book of poetry, "Poems of Love and Life". The Latimers had two daughters, Jeanette and Louise.

Lewis latimer executed the drawings and assisted in preparing the descriptions required to prepare the applications for the telephone patent of Alexander Graham Bell. The patent was issued in 1876.

One of Lewis Latimer's inventions, patented on February 10, 1874, dealt with "Water Closets for Railroad Cars."

In 1879, Thomas Edison had invented the incandescent electric lamp. Latimer studied all aspects of electricity. He carried on experiments which resulted in improvements on the incandescent lamp. The Latimer lamp then resulted in wide use for some time.

The brilliance, taken for granted today, was made possible by the pioneering work of men such as Thomas Edison and Lewis Howard Latimer. On January, 17, 1882, Lewis received what was probably his most important patent, a "Process of Manufacturing Carbons." His methodfor producing carbon filaments resulted in a superior filament that lasted much longer than others. Soon after, Latimer was called upon to install some of the first incandescent electric light plants in New York City. He installed electric lighting in the Equitable Building, the Union League Club of NYC, and other buildings. He proceeded to install electric lighting in Philadelphia and Canada, where he learned to speak French in order to explain his orders to the Canadian workers.

In 1881, Latimer was sent to London to set up an incandescent lamp department for Maxim-Weston Electric Light Company. In 1890, he was transferred to the legal department, where he was of tremendous value to Edison in defending his patents in court as an expert witness. More often than not, his expert testimony won the cases for Edison.

Lewis Latimer was awarded many other patents, became involved in teaching immigrants English and mechanical drawing at the Henry Street Settlement, and author of a book on incandescent lighting. He also has a talent for painting and was associated with the 1870's Civil Rights Movement. Richard Greener and Fredrick Douglas were some of his associates. In 1918, he became a member of the Edison Pioneers, an organization consisting of men associated with Thomas Edison prior to 1885.

Lewis Latimer retired in 1924 at the age of 75. He passed away at his home in Flushing, New York on December 11, 1928, at 80 years of age.

A public school in Brooklyn, NY now bears his name. It is known as The Lewis H. Latimer School. This honor was bestowed upon Mr. Latimer on May, 10 1968. The New York City Authority also held a dedication ceremony for the Lewis H. Latimer Gardens on June 8, 1971. The gardens are located at 35th Avenue and Linden Place in Flushing, NY. Latimer's grandaughter, Winifred L. Norman, Ph. D, is in the process of converting his home, in Flushing NY, into a museum.

Bibliography

Edison Pioneers, Tribute to Latimer, New York, 1928
Latimer, L. H., Incandescent Electric Lighting, New York, D. Van Nostrand, 1890
Negro History Associates, The Story of Lewis Latimer, New York, 1964
Ploski, H.S., and Brown, R.E., Negro Almanac, New York Bellwether Publishing Company, 1967

Patents

Feb. 10, 1874 - A water closet for railroad cars---------#147,363

1876 - Completed drawing for patent for Alexander Grahm Bell's Telephone

Sep. 13, 1881 - Improvement on electric lamp--------#247,097

Jan. 17, 1882 - Process for manufacturing carbon filament-----#252,386

Mar. 21, 1882 - Arc light globe support-------#255,212

Jan. 12, 1886 - Patent for apparatus for cooling and disinfecting-----#334,078

Aug. 25, 1895 - Device for locking hats, coats, and umbrellas on hanging racks-----#557,076

• TEXT CREDIT: Edison National Historic Site:
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